腹部超聲波：修订间差异
// Edit via Wikiplus |
无编辑摘要 |
||
| 第4行： | 第4行： | ||
腹部超聲波檢查通常由[[腸胃科]]、[[内科]]或[[放射科]]醫生進行，亦可由{{tsl|en|Sonographer|超聲波技師}}進行。 |
腹部超聲波檢查通常由[[腸胃科]]、[[内科]]或[[放射科]]醫生進行，亦可由{{tsl|en|Sonographer|超聲波技師}}進行。 |
||
==Medical uses== |
|||
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the [[kidneys]],<ref name="Bisset2008">{{cite book|author=Bisset|title=Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5uaOu7PJEC&pg=PT257|access-date=10 April 2011|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Elsevier India|isbn=978-81-312-1574-6|pages=257}}</ref> [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[spleen]] and [[abdominal aorta]]. If [[Doppler ultrasonography]] is added, the [[blood flow]] inside [[blood vessel]]s can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for [[renal artery stenosis]]). It is commonly used to examine the [[uterus]] and [[fetus]] during [[pregnancy]]; this is called [[obstetric ultrasonography]].<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Bricker|first2=L|last3=Mullan|first3=C|date=2015|title=Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|issue=7|pages=CD007058|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3|pmid=26171896|last1=Whitworth|first1=M|pmc=4084925}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Salomon|first1=LJ|last2=Alfirevic|first2=Z|last3=Bilardo|first3=CM|last4=Chalouhi|first4=GE|last5=Ghi|first5=T|last6=Kagan|first6=KO|last7=Lau|first7=TK|last8=Papageorghiou|first8=AT|last9=Raine-Fenning|first9=NJ|last10=Stirnemann|first10=J|last11=Suresh|first11=S|last12=Tabor|first12=A|last13=Timor-Tritsch|first13=IE|last14=Toi|first14=A|last15=Yeo|first15=G|title=ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan|journal=Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol|date=2013|volume=41|pages=102–113|doi=10.1002/uog.12342|url=http://www.isuog.org/NR/rdonlyres/9225E408-C904-4A7F-84AE-812E456FBDDD/0/ISUOG1stTguidelines2013.pdf|access-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906063856/http://www.isuog.org/nr/rdonlyres/9225e408-c904-4a7f-84ae-812e456fbddd/0/isuog1sttguidelines2013.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|pmid=23280739|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
|||
Abdominal ultrasound is commonly used in the setting of [[abdominal pain]] or an [[acute abdomen]] (sudden and/or severe abdominal pain syndrome in which surgical intervention might be necessary), in which it can diagnose [[appendicitis]] or [[cholecystitis]]. |
|||
Ultrasound can also be used if there is suspicion of enlargement of one or more organs, such as used in screening for [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], investigation for [[splenomegaly]] or [[urinary retention]]. |
|||
Ultrasound can be used for additional anatomical information for patients with an abnormal [[kidney function]] or [[pancreatic enzyme]]s ([[pancreatic amylase]] and [[pancreatic lipase]]). |
|||
[[File:Ultrasonographic measurement of aortic diameter at the navel.svg|thumb|Standard measurement of the [[abdominal aorta]].<ref name=medscape>{{cite web|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1977715-overview#a3|title=Bedside Ultrasonography Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - Technique|author=Timothy Jang|date=2017-08-28|website=[[Medscape]]}}</ref>]] |
|||
It can be used on the [[abdominal aorta]] to detect or exclude [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]. For this purpose, the standard aortic measurement for [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] is between the outer margins of the aortic wall.<ref name=medscape/> |
|||
In cases of [[infectious mononucleosis]], splenomegaly is a common symptom, and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into a person's condition.<ref name="AMSSMfive">{{Citation |author1 = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine |author1-link = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine |date = 24 April 2014 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine |work = [[Choosing Wisely]]: an initiative of the [[ABIM Foundation]] |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-medical-society-for-sports-medicine/ |access-date = 29 July 2014}}, which cites |
|||
*{{cite journal|last1=Putukian|first1=M|last2=O'Connor|first2=FG|last3=Stricker|first3=P|last4=McGrew|first4=C|last5=Hosey|first5=RG|last6=Gordon|first6=SM|last7=Kinderknecht|first7=J|last8=Kriss|first8=V|last9=Landry|first9=G|title=Mononucleosis and athletic participation: an evidence-based subject review|journal=Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine|date=Jul 2008|volume=18|issue=4|pages=309–15|pmid=18614881|doi=10.1097/JSM.0b013e31817e34f8}} |
|||
*{{cite journal|last1=Spielmann|first1=AL|last2=DeLong|first2=DM|last3=Kliewer|first3=MA|title=Sonographic evaluation of spleen size in tall healthy athletes.|journal=AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology|date=Jan 2005|volume=184|issue=1|pages=45–9|pmid=15615949|doi=10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840045}}</ref> However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports.<ref name="AMSSMfive"/> |
|||
===Detecting stones=== |
|||
Ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones, for example [[kidney stone]]s or [[gallstone]]s, because they create a clearly visible ultrasound shadow behind the stone. |
|||
Ultrasonography can be used to guide procedures such as treatment for kidney stones with [[Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]], needle [[biopsy|biopsies]] or [[paracentesis]] (needle drainage of free fluid inside the [[abdominal cavity]]). |
|||
===Liver=== |
|||
[[File:Liver measurements on ultrasonography.jpg|thumb|Ultrasonography of the liver with some standard measurements.<ref name=efsumb2010>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosmos-design.co.uk/efsumb-ecb/ecbse-ch02-ultrasoundliver.pdf |title=Ultrasound of the liver - EFSUMB – European Course Book |website=European federation of societies for ultrasound in medicine and biology (EFSUMB) |author=Christoph F. Dietrich |author2=Carla Serra |author3=Maciej Jedrzejczyk |date=2010-07-28 |access-date=2017-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812135306/http://www.kosmos-design.co.uk/efsumb-ecb/ecbse-ch02-ultrasoundliver.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] |
|||
In patients with deranged liver function tests, ultrasound may show increased liver size ([[hepatomegaly]]), increased reflectiveness (which might, for example, indicate [[cholestasis]]), gallbladder or [[bile duct]] diseases, or a [[tumor]] in the liver. |
|||
[[Ultrasonography of liver tumors]] involves two stages: detection and characterization.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} Tumor detection is based on the performance of the method and should include morphometric information (three axes dimensions, volume) and topographic information (number, location specifying liver segment and lobe/lobes). The specification of these data is important for staging liver tumors and prognosis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} Tumor characterization is a complex process based on a sum of criteria leading towards tumor nature definition. Often, other diagnostic procedures, especially interventional ones, are no longer necessary. Tumor characterization using the ultrasound method will be based on the following elements: consistency (solid, liquid, mixed), [[echogenicity]], structure appearance (homogeneous or heterogeneous), delineation from adjacent liver parenchyma (capsular, imprecise), elasticity, posterior acoustic enhancement effect, the relation with neighboring organs or structures (displacement, invasion), vasculature (presence and characteristics on [[Doppler ultrasonography]] and [[contrast-enhanced ultrasound]] (CEUS).{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}} |
|||
===Renal ultrasonography=== |
|||
[[File:MorisonNoText.png|thumb|Ultrasound scan of a [[kidney]] (right side).]] |
|||
{{Main|Renal ultrasonography}} |
|||
Ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound.<ref name=Hansen2015>Content initially copied from: {{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=Kristoffer|last2=Nielsen|first2=Michael|last3=Ewertsen|first3=Caroline|title=Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review|journal=Diagnostics|volume=6|issue=1|year=2015|pages=2|issn=2075-4418|doi=10.3390/diagnostics6010002|pmc=4808817|pmid=26838799}} [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (CC-BY 4.0)]</ref> |
|||
[[File:UltrasoundProbe2006a.jpg|替代=Linear ultrasound probe.|缩略图|超声波探头（线性类型）用于检查表面结构。]] |
[[File:UltrasoundProbe2006a.jpg|替代=Linear ultrasound probe.|缩略图|超声波探头（线性类型）用于检查表面结构。]] |
||
2021年9月12日 (日) 13:57的版本
| 腹部超聲波檢查 | |
|---|---|
 腹部超聲波檢查所用的超聲波掃描儀 | |
| ICD-9-CM | 88.76 |
| OPS-301 | 3-059 |
| MedlinePlus | 003777 |
腹部超聲波是一種醫學超聲波檢查，用於檢查人體腹部。在病人腹部塗上超聲波導電凝膠後，超聲波探頭發出的聲波就能穿透腹部表面的腹壁，到達各器官。超聲波探頭將從器官反射的超聲波收集分析後，便能產出腹部影像。因此，這項檢查也被稱為跨腹超聲波，與直接將探頭以內窺鏡方式放入人體中空器官的內鏡超聲波有所不同。
腹部超聲波檢查通常由腸胃科、内科或放射科醫生進行，亦可由超聲波技師進行。
Medical uses
Abdominal ultrasound can be used to diagnose abnormalities in various internal organs, such as the kidneys,[1] liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen and abdominal aorta. If Doppler ultrasonography is added, the blood flow inside blood vessels can be evaluated as well (for example, to look for renal artery stenosis). It is commonly used to examine the uterus and fetus during pregnancy; this is called obstetric ultrasonography.[2][3]
Abdominal ultrasound is commonly used in the setting of abdominal pain or an acute abdomen (sudden and/or severe abdominal pain syndrome in which surgical intervention might be necessary), in which it can diagnose appendicitis or cholecystitis.
Ultrasound can also be used if there is suspicion of enlargement of one or more organs, such as used in screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm, investigation for splenomegaly or urinary retention.
Ultrasound can be used for additional anatomical information for patients with an abnormal kidney function or pancreatic enzymes (pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase).
It can be used on the abdominal aorta to detect or exclude abdominal aortic aneurysm. For this purpose, the standard aortic measurement for abdominal aortic aneurysm is between the outer margins of the aortic wall.[4]
In cases of infectious mononucleosis, splenomegaly is a common symptom, and health care providers may consider using abdominal ultrasonography to get insight into a person's condition.[5] However, because spleen size varies greatly, ultrasonography is not a valid technique for assessing spleen enlargement and should not be used in typical circumstances or to make routine decisions about fitness for playing sports.[5]
Detecting stones
Ultrasound imaging is useful for detecting stones, for example kidney stones or gallstones, because they create a clearly visible ultrasound shadow behind the stone.
Ultrasonography can be used to guide procedures such as treatment for kidney stones with Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, needle biopsies or paracentesis (needle drainage of free fluid inside the abdominal cavity).
Liver
In patients with deranged liver function tests, ultrasound may show increased liver size (hepatomegaly), increased reflectiveness (which might, for example, indicate cholestasis), gallbladder or bile duct diseases, or a tumor in the liver.
Ultrasonography of liver tumors involves two stages: detection and characterization.[來源請求] Tumor detection is based on the performance of the method and should include morphometric information (three axes dimensions, volume) and topographic information (number, location specifying liver segment and lobe/lobes). The specification of these data is important for staging liver tumors and prognosis.[來源請求] Tumor characterization is a complex process based on a sum of criteria leading towards tumor nature definition. Often, other diagnostic procedures, especially interventional ones, are no longer necessary. Tumor characterization using the ultrasound method will be based on the following elements: consistency (solid, liquid, mixed), echogenicity, structure appearance (homogeneous or heterogeneous), delineation from adjacent liver parenchyma (capsular, imprecise), elasticity, posterior acoustic enhancement effect, the relation with neighboring organs or structures (displacement, invasion), vasculature (presence and characteristics on Doppler ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).[來源請求]
Renal ultrasonography
Ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound.[7]
- ^ Bisset. Differential Diagnosis in Abdominal Ultrasound, 3/e. Elsevier India. 1 January 2008: 257 [10 April 2011]. ISBN 978-81-312-1574-6.
- ^ Whitworth, M; Bricker, L; Mullan, C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015, (7): CD007058. PMC 4084925
. PMID 26171896. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007058.pub3.
- ^ Salomon, LJ; Alfirevic, Z; Bilardo, CM; Chalouhi, GE; Ghi, T; Kagan, KO; Lau, TK; Papageorghiou, AT; Raine-Fenning, NJ; Stirnemann, J; Suresh, S; Tabor, A; Timor-Tritsch, IE; Toi, A; Yeo, G. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of first-trimester fetal ultrasound scan (PDF). Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013, 41: 102–113 [12 May 2015]. PMID 23280739. doi:10.1002/uog.12342 . （原始内容 (PDF)存档于6 September 2015）. 已忽略未知参数
|df=(帮助) - ^ 4.0 4.1 Timothy Jang. Bedside Ultrasonography Evaluation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm - Technique. Medscape. 2017-08-28.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question, Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation (American Medical Society for Sports Medicine), 24 April 2014 [29 July 2014], which cites
- Putukian, M; O'Connor, FG; Stricker, P; McGrew, C; Hosey, RG; Gordon, SM; Kinderknecht, J; Kriss, V; Landry, G. Mononucleosis and athletic participation: an evidence-based subject review. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. Jul 2008, 18 (4): 309–15. PMID 18614881. doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31817e34f8.
- Spielmann, AL; DeLong, DM; Kliewer, MA. Sonographic evaluation of spleen size in tall healthy athletes.. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. Jan 2005, 184 (1): 45–9. PMID 15615949. doi:10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840045.
- ^ Christoph F. Dietrich; Carla Serra; Maciej Jedrzejczyk. Ultrasound of the liver - EFSUMB – European Course Book (PDF). European federation of societies for ultrasound in medicine and biology (EFSUMB). 2010-07-28 [2017-12-22]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-08-12）.
- ^ Content initially copied from: Hansen, Kristoffer; Nielsen, Michael; Ewertsen, Caroline. Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review. Diagnostics. 2015, 6 (1): 2. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 4808817 . PMID 26838799. doi:10.3390/diagnostics6010002. (CC-BY 4.0)
