中文房间

中文房间也稱華語房間（英语：Chinese room），是由约翰·希尔勒提出的一个思想實驗，借以反驳强人工智能的观点。根据强人工智能的观点，只要计算机拥有了适当的程序，理论上就可以说计算机拥有它的认知状态以及可以像人一样地进行理解活动。

中文房间的實驗过程可表述为：一个对中文一窍不通的，以英语作母语的人被关闭在一间只有两个通口的封闭房间中。房间里有一本用英文写成，从形式上说明中文文字句法和文法组合规则的手册，以及一大堆中文符号。房外的人不断向房间内递进用中文写成的问题。房内的人便按照手册的说明，将中文符号组合成对问题的解答，并将答案递出房间。

约翰·希尔勒认为，尽管房里的人甚至可以以假乱真，让房外的人以为他是中文的母语使用者，然而他压根不懂中文。而在上面的过程中，房外人所扮演的角色相当于程序员，房中人相当于计算机，而手册则相当于计算机程序。而正如房中人不可能通过手册理解中文一样，计算机也不可能通过程序来获得理解力。

反面观点

所有人都认为人是拥有智能的，而人的智能决策来自于脑细胞的电信号转换，每一个脑细胞并不理解单词的意义，只是简单的缓冲、传递或抑制一个电信号，脑细胞创造了语法规则，创造了决策策略（相当于规则书与不懂中文的人），但是它们并不懂每个单词的意义。而人类却显示出与人沟通的能力。如果按照希尔勒的观点，人类是不存在认知能力，这与事实是不符的。所以依然可以认为若某段计算机程序，能够完成图灵测试，则说明该段计算机程序具有认知能力。（该段内容暂无相关资料以证明真实性。）

参见

• 人工智能
• 圖靈測試

參考文獻

• Block, Ned, Psychologism and Behaviourism, The Philosophical Review. The Philosophical Review, Vol. 90, No. 1. 1981, 90 (1): 5–43, doi:10.2307/2184371 .
• Chalmers, David, The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory, Oxford University Press. 1996 .
• Churchland, Paul; Churchland, Patricia, Could a machine think?, Scientific American. January 1990, 262: 32–39 
• Cole, David, The Chinese Room Argument//Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2004 . Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.
• Template:Crevier 1993.
• Dennett, Daniel, Consciousness Explained, The Penguin Press. 1991, ISBN 0-7139-9037-6 .
• Fearn, Nicholas, The Latest Answers to the Oldest Questions: A Philosophical Adventure with the World's Greatest Thinkers, New York: Grove Press. 2007 
• Harnad, Stevan, What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument//M.; Preston, J., Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Oxford University Press. 2001 . Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.
• Harnad, Stevan, Searle's Chinese Room Argument, Encyclopedia of Philosophy (), Macmillan. 2005 . Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.
• Hauser, Larry, Searle's Chinese Box: Debunking the Chinese Room Argument, Minds and Machines. 1997, 7: 199–226, doi:10.1023/A:1008255830248 . Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.
• Hauser, Larry, Searle's Chinese Room, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006 . Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.
• Kurzweil, Ray, The Singularity is Near, Viking Press. 2005 
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• Pinker, Steven, How the Mind Works, New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.. 1997, ISBN 0-393-31848-6 
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• Searle, John, Can Computers Think?//Chalmers, David, Philosophy of Mind: Classical and Contemporary Readings, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1983:  669–675, ISBN 0-19-514581-X .
• Searle, John, Minds, Brains and Science: The 1984 Reith Lectures, Harvard University Press. 1984, ISBN 0-67457631-4  paperback: ISBN 0-674-57633-0.
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• Template:Turing 1950. Page numbers above refer to a standard pdf print of the article.

參考書籍

• Wikibooks: Consciousness Studies
• The Chinese Room Argument, part 4 of the September 2, 1999 interview with Searle Philosophy and the Habits of Critical Thinking in the Conversations With History series
• Understanding the Chinese Room, Mark Rosenfelder
• A Refutation of John Searle's "Chinese Room Argument", by Bob Murphy
• Kugel, P. The Chinese room is a trick. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2004, 27. doi:10.1017/S0140525X04210044.  , PDF at author's homepage, critical paper based on the assumption that the CR cannot use its inputs (which are in Chinese) to change its program (which is in English).
• Wolfram Schmied. Demolishing Searle's Chinese Room. arXiv:cs.AI/0403009 [cs.AI]. 2004. 
• John Preston and Mark Bishop, "Views into the Chinese Room", Oxford University Press, 2002. Includes chapters by John Searle, Roger Penrose, Stevan Harnad and Kevin Warwick.
• Margaret Boden, "Escaping from the Chinese room", Cognitive Science Research Papers No. CSRP 092, University of Sussex, School of Cognitive Sciences, 1987, OCLC 19297071, online PDF, "an excerpt from a chapter" in the then unpublished "Computer Models of Mind: : Computational Approaches in Theoretical Psychology", ISBN 0-521-24868-X (1988); reprinted in Boden (ed.) "The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence" ISBN 0-19-824854-7 (1989) and ISBN 0-19-824855-5 (1990); Boden "Artificial Intelligence in Psychology: Interdisciplinary Essays" ISBN 0-262-02285-0, MIT Press, 1989, chapter 6; reprinted in Heil, pp. 253–266 (1988) (possibly abridged); J. Heil (ed.) "Philosophy of Mind: A Guide and Anthology", Oxford University Press, 2004, pages 253-266 (same version as in "Artificial Intelligence in Psychology")