亞歷山大技巧
维基百科,自由的百科全书
亞歷山大技巧(Alexander Technique)是一种学习和教育技术,其目的在于指導学习的人覺察及克服個人活動與思想模式中的慣性限制。當中會處理的第一項又最常見的限制,乃是不必要的肌肉緊張。
亞歷山大技巧通常在個人授受的環境中學習;在「亞歷山大技巧老師」獨特的雙手接觸及口語指示下,個別的「亞歷山大學生」將習得此技巧。亞歷山大技巧也可以以小組形式教授,而短時間、輪流的單人指導則會用作為給小組其他成員的示範。
這名詞具有雙重含意:一為由「亞歷山大技巧老師」所教授的不同教學方法,另一為由此技巧的各老師及學生所實踐的個人法則。此技巧的名字來自費德里克·麥特里亞斯·亞歷山大(F. Matthias Alexander, 1869 - 1955);他原為一名莎士比亞劇朗誦員,於1890 – 1900間,他首先發現及建構出當中原理。
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[编辑] 歷史
亞歷山大曾是一名莎士比亞朗誦員,聲線卻一度出現問題。他利用數面鏡子細心觀察,發覺自己在預備朗誦或說話時,不必要地按某個慣性形態繃緊全身。他花了十年時間自我觀察,終於成功地運用其創見處理好自己的聲線問題。他後來更建構出一種「技巧」去教導他人並傳遞其體會。亞歷山大以實證科學方法作為其工作的基石。他運用自我觀察和推理,令日常的身體活動,如坐下、站立、行走、手部運作和說話,變得輕鬆。他設計出來的方法令到探索和訓練可以明確地一再重複出現,而學生則可以由此方式於任何起點繼續改進。
亞歷山大於1931至1955在英國倫敦教學,1941至1943 則跟其弟弟A.R.亞歷山大(A.R. Alexander (1874 - 1947)在美國麻省教學,並且於美國繼續培訓老師至1945。他的工作一路傳承至今,其概念菁萃則由多人以畢生心力去鑽研發展。一生之中,亞歷山大獲得許多同代人的大力支持,當中包括John Dewey、Aldous Huxley、蕭伯納 ,科學家中則有Raymond Dart、 George E. Coghill、Charles Sherrington和Nikolaas Tinbergen 。
[编辑] 基本技巧概念
亞歷山大技巧指導培訓學員的運動感覺(kinesthesia)或本體感覺(proprioception)。這感覺會被用以內在地量度個人肢體的位置、重量,與及用來判斷移動所需的力度。
[编辑] 亞歷山大技巧老師培訓課程
- VSAT The Vancouver School of the Alexander Technique co-founded by Gabriella Minnes Brandes and Marta Hunter, recognized by CanSTAT
- SLAT Saint Louis Center for the Alexander Technique teacher training course.
- Performance School Teacher training school in Seattle, WA with a study guide of Alexander's books & online learning guides
- ITM Interactive Teaching Method Teachers' Association, with a list of ITM Alexander Technique teachers around the world.
- Alexander Technique of Cincinnati offers an AmSAT-accredited teacher training course run by two students of Walter Carrington's.
- Alexander Technique Studio (Wandsworth, London). Run by Karen Wentworth who trained 1973-77 with Walter and Dilys Carrington at the Constructive Teaching Centre.
- Alexander Technique Centre Ireland established three year teacher training course recognised by the Irish Society of Alexander Technique teachers.
- Alexander Technique Centre ATC KyotoATC Kyoto provides lessons, introductory workshops and teacher training in Japan.
[编辑] 個別亞歷山大老師及教育網址
- Alexander Technique Simplified Franis Engel's site, the origin of this definition
- ergonomics.org Ergonomics, Posture and the Alexander Technique
- physicaltherapy.org Information about the Alexander Technique of special interest to physical therapists
- Primary Control wiki definition of "Direction" by Joan Arnold, Hope Gillerman, Terry Zimmerer
- AT & Pilates Exploration of the relationships between the Alexander Technique and the Pilates Method
- Everyday guide An everyday guide to habit and backache written by an AT student.
- Forward and up A student's blog documenting her Alexander lessons over years of study.
- Articles Articles on how the Alexander Technique can help actors, musicians, pregnant women and those suffering with stress
- STAT on AT research Scientific research On AT from a UK largest profession organization, STAT.
- Japan Solidarity of Teachers of the Alexander Technique Japan's affiliated Alexander Technique Teachers' Network JSTAT
- www.alexandertechnique.com Inclusive site with comprehensive information for locating an Alexander teacher worldwide
- AT Forum An Alexander Technique Forum for all levels of experience
- useoftheself.org Learning the Alexander Technique in Buckinghamshire, UK

