先天与后天
维基百科,自由的百科全书
先天与后天是心理学上,争论个人的天生品质(先天)与个人经验(后天)在决定个人心理和行为特性中的重要性或因果关系的问题。以前,当讨论到这个问题时主要是考虑自主行为(主观意愿)与非自主行为(大自然、神等)之间的界限。这种说法是:以自身为中心的,而顺从个人意愿的说法;即宗教或神学。随着科学的发展,舊说法逐渐被抛弃,取而代之的是站在人类的角度上观察此问题。
目录 |
[编辑] 历史
[编辑] 词源学
先天与后天这一表述最早由弗朗西斯·加尔顿(en:Francis Galton)在提到莎士比亚笔下的凯列班(en:Caliban)时使用。 “一个魔鬼,天生的魔鬼,教养也改不过他的天性来”(自《暴风雨》)。
[编辑] 先天与后天的定义
虽然“后天”在传统意义上被定义为家长对和孩子的照顾,但是任何环境的(非遗传)因素也应被算入其中,包括:儿时的玩伴、电视节目、与在母亲肚子中经历。事实上,切实存在的环境因素对人类的影响可以从出生前就开始。另外,孩童时期,尤其是早期,会影响整个孩童以后的发展,更泛一些,所有的生活经历都是后天。
[编辑] 遗传与环境的交互作用
| 环境占优势 | 交互作用 | 遗传占优势 |
|---|---|---|
| 特定语言 | 身高 | 血型 |
| 特定宗教 | 体重 | 眼球颜色 |
| 肤色 | ||
| 智力测验结果 |
[编辑] 道德困难:优生学及其它
[编辑] 哲学困难:特性是否真实存在?
[编辑] 参见
[编辑] 参考文献
- Alarcon, M., Plomin, R., Fulker, D.W., Corley, R. & DeFries, J.C. (1998). Multivariate path analysis of specific cognitive abilities: data at 12 years of age in the Colorado Adoption Project. Behavior Genetics 28:255-264.
- Jang, K.L., McCrae, R.R., Angleitner, A. Riemann, R. & Livesley, W.J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1556-1565.
- Joseph, J. (2004)The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope.New York: Algora. (2003 United Kingdom Edition by PCCS Books)
- Joseph, J. (2006). The Missing Gene: Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes.New York: Algora.
- Harrison PJ, Owen MJ. (2003) Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet, 361(9355), 417–9.
- Neill, J. T. (2004). Nature vs nurture in intelligence. Wilderdom.
- Pinker, S. (2004) Why nature & nurture won't go away. Dædalus.
- Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R. & DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: a parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science 8:442-447.
- Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E. and McGuffin, P.(2001).Behavioral Genetics (4th Ed.).New York:Freeman.ISBN 0-7167-5159-3.
- Ridley, M.(2003).Nature Via Nurture : Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human.HarperCollins.ISBN 0-06-000678-1. (republished under the title The Agile Gene : How Nature Turns on Nurture)
- Wahlsten, D. (1997). Leilani Muir versus the Philosopher King: eugenics on trial in Alberta. Genetica 99: 185-198.
- At least two Science Fiction novels have plots which bear on this debate (in very different ways from each other): Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1988) and The Coming of the Quantum Cats by Frederik Pohl (1986).

