生物
生物(英語:Organism,又称生命体、有機體)是有生命的个体。在生物学和生态学中, 地球上约有870万种物种(±130万),其中650万种物种在陆地上,220万种生活在海洋深处[1] 。生物最重要和基本的特征在于生物进行新陈代谢及遺傳。所有生物一定会具备合成代谢以及分解代谢,这是互相相反的两個過程,并且可以繁殖下去, 这是生命现象的基础。
生命的起源和生命各个分支之间的关系一直存在争议。一般而言, 生物分为两大类:原核生物和真核生物。原核生物分为两个域:细菌(Bacteria)和古菌(Archaea),这两个域相互之间的关系并不比他们和真核生物的关系更为接近。在演化史的研究上原核生物和真核生物之间一直缺乏联系。真核生物的两个细胞器:叶绿体和线粒体被普遍认为是由内共生细菌(endosymbiotic bacteria)演化而来[2] 。多细胞生物指包含多于一个细胞的生物。
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[编辑] 共同特征
这些属性并非普遍存在,详见下。 生物的共有属性包括:
- 移动性 (许多生物无法独立移动,尽管植物的生长可以被看作移动的一种)
- 营养作用
- 呼吸作用 (微生物比如细菌无法进行呼吸作用)
- 生长
- 繁殖 (很多生物的个体无法进行繁殖——尽管它们所属的物种可以繁殖)
- 排泄
- 应激性(有些生物无法直接对环境变化产生反应)
- BW
[编辑] 结构层次
生物的结构层次
环境的组成
[编辑] 分类
[编辑] 病毒
病毒由于不能独立进行繁殖和新陈代谢而通常不被认为是生物。然而,依据美国法典(United States Code)的生物武器和非法使用相关内容中病毒被归为微生物范畴。由于许多寄生动物和内共生体(endosymbionts)也缺乏独立生存能力,所以病毒是否算作生物仍然存在争议。尽管病毒有酶和其他生物特有的分子,它们在寄主细胞外却无法生存,并且病毒新陈代谢的过程需要寄主遗传机制的参与。这种寄生现象的起源还不清楚,但有可能产生于寄主。
[编辑] 寿命
寿命是生物的基本参数之一。有的生物只能生存一天,有的生物例如一些植物能生存几千年。 细胞衰老在决定生物体,细菌,病毒甚至是朊毒体的寿命时很重要。 目前,科学界普遍认为存在于细胞染色体末端的一段特殊的DNA序列——端粒与细胞的寿命有着很大的关系。通常情况下,细胞每分裂一次,端粒就会变短一些。随着端粒逐渐缩短,最后造成了位于染色体DNA中间段的对细胞生命活动有意义的DNA序列的缺失。由于此时无法继续进行正常的生理活动,细胞便会进行一种由自身控制的程序性死亡——细胞凋亡。 此外,肿瘤细胞中的端粒结构通常没有缩短,这也是肿瘤细胞能够进行无限制分裂的原因之一。
[编辑] 参见
[编辑] 参考文献
- ^ 地球上有多少物种?870万种. eurekalert. 2011年08月24日 [2011-08-25].
- ^ T.Cavalier-Smith (1987) The origin of eukaryote and archaebacterial cells, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 503, 17–54
[编辑] 外部連結
- BBCNews: 27 September 2000, When slime is not so thick Citat: "It means that some of the lowliest creatures in the plant and animal kingdoms, such as slime and amoeba, may not be as primitive as once thought"
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- The Eberly College of Science: Methane Ice Worms discovered on Gulf of Mexico Sea Floor download Publication quality photos
- Artikel, 2000: Methane Ice Worms: Hesiocaeca methanicola. Colonizing Fossil Fuel Reserves
- SpaceRef.com, May 04, 2001: Redefining "Life as We Know it" Hesiocaeca methanicola In 1997, Charles Fisher, professor of biology at Penn State, discovered this remarkable creature living on mounds of methane ice under half a mile of ocean on the floor of the Gulf of Mexico.
- SpaceRef.com, July 29, 1997: Scientists Discover Methane Ice Worms On Gulf Of Mexico Sea Floor
- BBCNews, 18 December 2002, 'Space bugs' grown in lab Citat: "Bacillus simplex and Staphylococcus pasteuri...Engyodontium album The strains cultured by Dr Wainwright seemed to be resistant to the effects of UV - one quality required for survival in space"
- BBCNews, 19 June 2003, Ancient organism challenges cell evolution Citat: "It appears that this organelle has been conserved in evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, since it is present in both"
- Interactive Syllabus for General Biology - BI 04, Saint Anselm College, Summer 2003
- Jacob Feldman: Stramenopila
- NCBI Taxonomy entry: root (rich)
- Saint Anselm College: Survey of representatives of the major Kingdoms Citat: "Number of kingdoms has not been resolved...Bacteria present a problem with their diversity...Protista present a problem with their diversity...",
- Species 2000 Indexing the world's known species. Species 2000 has the objective of enumerating all known species of plants, animals, fungi and microbes on Earth as the baseline dataset for studies of global biodiversity. It will also provide a simple access point enabling users to link from here to other data systems for all groups of organisms, using direct species-links.
- The largest organism in the world may be a fungus carpeting nearly 10 square kilometers of an Oregon forest, and may be as old as 10500 years.
- The Tree of Life.
- Frequent questions from kids about life and their answers
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