原始印歐語數詞
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原始印歐語數詞已經被現代語言學家基于跨越所有印歐語系語言所找到的相似性而重構了。本文列出并討論它們的假定形式。
基數[编辑]
基數重構如下:
| 數 | 重構(Sihler)[1] | 重構(Beekes)[2] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos |
| 2 | *d(u)wo- | *duoh₁ |
| 3 | *trei- (完全等級) / *tri- (零等級) | *treies |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- (o-等級) / *kʷetur- (零等級) (參見kʷetwóres規則) |
*kʷetuōr |
| 5 | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs; 最初可能是 *weḱs | *(s)uéks |
| 7 | *septm̥ | *séptm |
| 8 | *oḱtō, *oḱtou 或 *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | *déḱmt |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t-; 最初可能是 *widḱomt- | *duidḱmti |
| 30 | *trīḱomt-; 最初可能是 *tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt-; 最初可能是 *penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初可能是 *weḱsdḱomt- | *ueksdḱomth₂ |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *septm̥dḱomt- | *septmdḱomth₂ |
| 80 | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom; 最初可能是 *dḱm̥tom | *dḱmtóm |
| 1000 | *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (最初是“巨大的數”) | *ǵʰes-l- |
其他重構典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有輕微的差異(例如 Fortson[3])。
元素 *-dḱomt- (在數20到90中)和 *dḱm̥t- (在100中)是在假定這些數為 *deḱm̥(t)“10”的派生詞的假定上重構的。
Lehmann[4] 相信大于10的數都是在方言群組中獨立構造的而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初意味著“一個大數”而非特指100。
數的性[编辑]
數3和4有帶有后綴 *-s(o)r- 的陰性形式，分別重構為 *t(r)i-sr- 和 *kʷetwr̥-sr-。[3]
數作為前綴[编辑]
特殊形式的數被用作前綴，通常用來形成 bahuvrihi 復合(比如英語中的“five-fingered”):
| 數 | 前綴(Fortson)[5] |
|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- |
| 2- | *dwi- |
| 3- | *tri- |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- 或 *kʷetwr̥- |
序數[编辑]
序數是難于構造的，由于它們在后代語言中是各種各樣的。下列重構是試探性的:[6]
- “第1”在用 *pr̥h₃-(有關於某種副詞含義“forth, forward, front”和小品詞 *prō“forth”，因此最初意味著“foremost”或類似含義)加上各種后綴如 *-wo-, *-mo- 來形成。
- “第2”在后代語言使用了范圍廣泛的各種表達，經常無關於數2的詞，所以不能重構出 PIE 形式。
- “第3”到“第6”被通過向基數加上后綴 *-t(ó)- 來形成: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)-“第三”等。
- “第7”到“第10”被通過向基數增加 thematic 元音 *-ó- 來形成: *oḱtow-ó-“第八”等。
結尾於音節主音鼻音的基數(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二個鼻音，導致了后綴 *-mó- 和 *-nó-。這些后綴和后綴 *-t(ó)- 擴散到了臨近的序數，例如吠陀梵語 aṣṭamá-“第八”和立陶宛語 deviñtas“第九”。
反映[编辑]
基數的反映[编辑]
| 數 | 重構(Sihler) | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no- | Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un |
| *sem- | Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama | |
| 2 | *du(w)o- | Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,[3]
Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy |
| 3 | *trei- | Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,[3]
Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri- |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- | Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,[3]
Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri- |
| 5 | *pénkʷe | Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,[3]
Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs | Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,[3]
Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses- |
| 7 | *septm̥ | Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,[3]
Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë |
| 8 | *h₃eḱtō | Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,[3]
Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,[3]
Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,[3]
Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece- |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t- | Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,[3]
Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet |
| 30 | *trīḱomt- | Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt- | Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt- | Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat |
| 80 | *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- | Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom | Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,[3]
Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja |
| 1000 | *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse |
| *tusdḱomti | ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača | |
在下列語言中，用斜杠分隔的兩個反映意味著:
陰性數的反映[编辑]
| 數 | 重構 | 反映[3] |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | *t(r)i-sr- | Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/? |
| 4 | *kʷetwr̥-sr- | Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/? |
數前綴的反映[编辑]
| 數 | 重構 | 反映(通過例子)[5][7] |
|---|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- | Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold" |
| 2- | *dwi- | Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth" |
| 3- | *tri- | Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes" |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- | Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed" |
序數的反映[编辑]
| 數 | 重構 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 第1 | *pr̥h₃-wó- | Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ[6] |
| *pr̥h₃-mó- | Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas[6] | |
| 其他形式 | Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,[6]
Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë | |
| 第2 | *dwo-teró- | Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj |
| 第3 | *tri-tó- | Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius[6] |
| 第4 | *kʷetwr̥-tó- | Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ[6] |
| 第5 | *penkʷ-tó- | Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos[6] |
| 第6 | *sweḱs-tó- | Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,[6] |
| 第7 | *septm̥-(m)ó- | Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,[6] |
| 第8 | *h₃eḱtōw-ó- | Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,[6] |
| 第9 | *(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó- | Lat. nonus,[6] |
| 第10 | *dekm̥-(m)ó- | Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,[6] |
注釋[编辑]
- ^ Sihler (1995:402–24頁)
- ^ Beekes (1995:212–16頁)
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fortson (2004:131頁)
- ^ Lehmann (1993:252–255頁)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132頁)
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Fortson (2004:132頁)
- ^ Fortson (2004:120頁)
引用[编辑]
- Beekes, Robert S. P., Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 1995, ISBN 90-272-2150-2
- Fortson, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
- Lehmann, Winfried P., Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
- Sihler, Andrew L., New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8
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