罗姆人
| 罗姆人 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 罗姆人之旗 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 總人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1500万以上 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 語言 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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吉普赛语, 本地语言 |
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| 宗教信仰 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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罗姆哲学, 并混合当地宗教信仰 |
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| 相關種族 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
罗姆人(Roma)为起源于印度北部,散居全世界的流浪民族。罗姆人與跟他們有密切關係的辛提人又合称為「吉卜赛人」(Gypsy,或譯吉普赛人)。不過,“吉普赛”一词源于欧洲人对罗姆人起源的误解,当时欧洲人认为罗姆人来自埃及,于是称之为“埃及人”,而“吉普赛”是“埃及”(Egypt)的音变。而大多数罗姆人也认为“吉卜赛人”這個名称有歧视意义,所以並不使用。他们曾自称是罗马帝国国民的后裔,所以叫罗姆人。欧洲亦有许多国家称罗姆人为「茨冈人」(Tziganes)。
罗姆人以其神秘的形象著称,历史上多从事占卜、歌舞等职业。但罗姆人也因為流浪與貧窮的生活所演化出的特殊生活方式與求生方法而長期遭受歧视和迫害。羅姆人犯罪率的確較高,至今有许多人对罗姆人仍保有极其反面的印象,认为罗姆人是乞丐、扒手、小偷或者人贩子。
目录 |
[编辑] 历史
罗姆人的名稱约于公元1025年出現,據菲爾多西的列王紀記載,波斯薩珊王朝國王巴赫拉姆五世曾向印度國王商古勒要求提供一萬名囉哩豎琴手供國內平民[來源請求]娛樂,国王提供穀种与耕牛,但他們甚麼事也不幹,一年後國王送走他們。他们第一次遷徙是在5世紀時離開印度,第二次是10世紀時,阿富汗人與突厥人入侵,由印度前往波斯,再前往歐洲,在15世紀時,他們自稱是來自小埃及的朝聖者。他們被認為最早發源自巴基斯坦的木爾坦西南48公里,滿蘇拉以北32公里的地方。
罗姆人长途迁徙的原因至今仍是历史界之谜。有学者称,罗姆人的祖先是低种姓的印度教徒,应征入雇佣兵军队后,升为剎帝利(即战士)种姓,同时被派往西面以抵制伊斯兰教国家的扩张。另有学者称,穆斯林征服印度北部后,其俘虏沦为奴隶并发展出自身独特的文化,成为罗姆人的前身。但罗姆人到达中东后,为何不折返印度,反而继续前进,进入欧洲,则是一个不解之谜。罗姆人后来也大量迁入美洲。
羅姆人也曾出現在中國,名為「囉哩回回」,經常偷竊,地方官指他們有近親相交之嫌,理由是他們人數不多,不與外人通婚。
由於文化及宗教上的差異,進入歐洲的一群經常被基督教徒迫害。後來的纳粹德国也曾迫害他們。[36]
[编辑] 人口
全世界约有五百万至一千万罗姆人,其中大多数居住在欧洲。罗姆人主要聚居地有:巴尔干半岛、中欧、美国及前苏联加盟共和国。另外西欧、中东及北非也有罗姆人居住。
罗姆人在罗马尼亚、保加利亚、匈牙利、西班牙和美国的人口超过五十万。保加利亚的罗姆人占总人口的约5%-6%,其比例在世界各国当中排名第一。捷克公开提出願意移民加拿大的可給津贴。
[编辑] 现状
在今日,有一部分罗姆人正试图保持其传统生活方式,居无定所。但在东欧许多地区,罗姆人定居在生活条件极差的棚户区内,和其他民族居民仍然时有冲突。但在其他地区,罗姆人则靠其传统文化(如罗马尼亚罗姆人的传统铜匠工艺)成功致富。
在东欧共产主义时期,东欧各国由于实行计划经济,罗姆人在就业方面障碍较少,但后来东欧转为市场经济以后,罗姆人失业问题愈显严重。现在在一部分国家有大量的罗姆人靠社会福利为生,这造成了针对罗姆人的歧视的加深,同时也创造了社会隐患,如斯洛伐克在进行社会福利改革时曾有罗姆人聚居点发生骚乱。
2004年6月,匈牙利选出了欧洲议会的第一位罗姆人议员:Lívia Járóka女士。同时东欧七国于2005年发起“容纳罗姆人年代”(Decade of Roma Inclusion),旨在改善罗姆人的生活。
[编辑] 文化
罗姆人结婚较早,不少女性在未满20岁时就已成婚。
罗姆音乐着重使用高音符以及音符之间大跨度的滑动,歌唱以其情感丰富而著称,罗姆人也是西班牙盛行的弗拉明戈舞的主要源头之一。
直接描写罗姆人的文学、藝術作品有:
有关罗姆人(茨冈人)的文艺作品更是不胜枚举,尤其在西洋音乐方面,李斯特(如匈牙利狂想曲等)、萨拉萨蒂(流浪者之歌)、勃拉姆斯(如匈牙利舞曲等)的音乐就多援引吉普赛元素。(注意,在以前茨冈人常与匈牙利人相混,所以前述作品中对吉普赛常有“匈牙利”的误称。)
[编辑] 參見
[编辑] 參考
- 《世界的臉譜-全球族群探索》. ISBN 9867680561.
- ^ MINORITIES IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE: Roma of Albania (Microsoft Word). Center for Documentation and Information on Minorities in Europe - Southeast Europe (CEDIME-SE).
- ^ Tchileva, Druzhemira. Emerging Roma Voices from Latin America. European Roma Rights Centre. 2004-11-16.
- ^ Jorge M. Fernandez Bernal, The Rom of the Americas (chapter Argentina)
- ^ Official data: 678,000
800,000 -1,000,000 in The Rom of the Americas (chapter Brazil), by Jorge M. Fernandez Bernal - ^ According to the last official census in 2001 370,908 Bulgarian citizens define their identity as Roma (official results here). 313,000 self-declared in 1992 census (Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov, The Gypsies of Bulgaria: Problems of the Multicultural Museum Exhibition (1995), cited in Patrin Web Journal). According to Marushiakova and Popov, "The Roma in Bulgaria", Sofia, 1993, the people who declared Roma identity in 1956 were about 194,000; in 1959, 214,167; in 1976, 373,200; because of the obvious and significant difference between the number of Bulgarian citizens with Roma self-identification and this of the large total population with physical appearance and cultural particularity similar to Roma in 1980 the authorities took special census of all people, defined as Roma through the opinions of the neighbouring population, observations of their way of life, cultural specificity, etc. - 523,519; in the 1989 the authorities counted 576,927 people as Roma, but noted that more than a half of them preferred and declared Turkish identity (pages 92–93). According to the rough personal assumption of Marushiakova and Popov the total number of all people with Roma ethic identity plus all people of Roma origin with different ethnic self-identification around 1993 was about 800,000 (pages 94–95). Similar supposition Marushiakova and Popov made in 1995: estimate 750,000 ±50,000. Some international sources mention the estimates of some unnamed experts, who suggest 700,000–800,000 or higher than figures in the official census . These mass non-Roma ethnic partialities are confirmed in the light of the last census in 2001—more than 300,000 Bulgarian citizens of Roma origin traditionally declare their ethnic identity as Turkish or Bulgarian. Other statistics: 450,000 estimated in 1990 (U.S. Library of Congress study); at least 553,466 cited in a confidential census by the Ministry of the Interior in 1992 (cf Marushiakova and Popov 1995).
- ^ Lee, Ronald. Roma in Canada fact sheet ROMA IN CANADA. Roma Community Centre.
- ^ Sčítaní lidu, domů a bytů 2001 (2001 census). Český statistický úřad [2007-08-26] (Czech).
- ^ By James Palmer
- ^ Lhotka, Petr. Romové v České republice po roce 1989. Vzdělávací cyklus o Romech [2007-08-26].
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Liégeois, Jean-Pierre. Roma, Tsiganes, Voiageurs. Conseil de l'Europe. 1994: 34 (French).
- ^ The State of the Roma in Greece. Hellenic Republic - National Commission for Human Rights. 2001-11-29 [2007-08-26].
- ^ The Situation of Roma in Selected Western European Countries: Report to the OSCE Conference on Anti-Semitism and on other Forms of Intolerance Cordoba, Spain, June 8-9, 2005 (Microsoft Word). IHF. June 2005: 13 [2007-08-26]. "300,000 to 350,000".
- ^ Hungary's Strategic Audit 2005 (PDF). DEMOS Hungary. 2005 [2007-08-26]. ISBN 9632190300.
- ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0213/p07s02-woeu.html
- ^ http://www.romaweb.hu/doc/konyvtar/hablicsek_magyarorszagi_ciganysag_demografiaja.pdf
- ^ http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/1/load01_10_0.html
- ^ Banjara, Hindu of India. Joshua Project [2007-10-03].
- ^ Lambanis or Gypsies. Kamat [2007-10-03].
- ^ Iran Gypsy Population. Dom Research Center [2007-08-26].
- ^ Census of population, households and dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002. Republic of Macedonia State Statistical Office (Macedonian, English).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 21.2 2002 census not including Kosovo (PDF). UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe [2007-08-26].
- ^ 2002 census: Population by ethnicity [2007-08-26] (Romanian).
- ^ Romii din România. Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnocultuală [2007-08-26] (Romanian).
- ^ WORLD BANK INVOLVEMENT IN ROMA ISSUES. World Bank [2007-08-26].
- ^ Qiao, Chungui. IAOS SATELLITE MEETING: MEASURING SMALL AND INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS” (PDF). Social Policy Journal of New Zealand. July 2005 (25).
- ^ http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/schweiz/rumaenien_sieht_ende_starker_auswanderung_1.698521.html
- ^ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ (National Population - 2002 Russian Census). perepis2002.ru [2007-08-26] (Russian).
- ^ Liégeois, Jean-Pierre. Roma, Tsiganes, Voiageurs. Conseil de l'Europe. 1994: 34 (French).
- ^ Independent estimates range from 5 to 6 million Roma in Russia{{subst:Fact/auto}}.
- ^ Sweeney, Fionnuala. Slovakia seeks help on Roma issue. CNN. 2004-04-16 [2007-08-26].
- ^ The CIA World Factbook: Slovakia. Central Intelligence Agency. 2007-08-16 [2007-08-26].
- ^ Spain - The Gypsies. U.S. Library of Congress [2007-08-26].
- ^ No official count; estimate from Reaching the Romanlar—A Feasibility Study Report (International Romani Studies Network), Istanbul: 2006, p.13. See also Turkey: A Minority Policy of Systematic Negation (IHF report) and SERİN, Ayten. AB ülkeleriyle ortak bir noktamız daha ÇİNGENELER. Hürriyet. 08-05-2005 [2006].
- ^ Ukrainian census 2002
- ^ Estimation by SKOKRA (The Council of the Kumpanias and Organizations of the Americas) and Romani Union
- ^ 吉卜赛人
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