密度矩陣

密度矩陣或稱密度算符，是量子力學中，量子態的一種表示形式。

密度矩陣可採用nxn方陣寫法，即行矩陣 nx1乘以列矩陣 1xn，或寫成狄拉克標記的右括向量乘以左括向量。其他的量子力學表示形式尚有狄拉克標記的右括向量(或寫成行矩陣 nx1)，波函數等等。

在量子位元场合，密度矩陣的基本表示公式如下：

• $z_+ = |0 \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} ,\quad z_- = |1 \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$

$\Rightarrow z_+ = |0 \rangle\langle 0| = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} ,$
$z_- = |1 \rangle\langle 1| = \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$

• $x_+ = |x_+ \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} ,\quad x_- = |x_- \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix}$

$\Rightarrow x_+ = |x_+ \rangle\langle x_+| = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} & \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix} ,$
$x_- = |x_- \rangle\langle x_-| = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} & -\frac{1}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & -\frac{1}{2} \\ -\frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix}$

• $y_+ = |y_+ \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ \frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} ,\quad y_- = |y_- \rangle = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ -\frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix}$

$\Rightarrow y_+ = |y_+ \rangle\langle y_+| = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ \frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} & -\frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & -\frac{i}{2} \\ \frac{i}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix} ,$
$y_- = |y_- \rangle\langle y_-| = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} \\ -\frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} * \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{\sqrt2} & \frac{i}{\sqrt2} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & \frac{i}{2} \\ -\frac{i}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \end{pmatrix}$