巴勒斯坦人

巴勒斯坦人
الفلسطينيون *al-Filasṭiniyyun*
巴勒斯坦人; الفلسطينيون al-Filasṭiniyyun
	拉姆安拉的巴勒斯坦人，攝於1910年代。
總人口
	約12,000,000人
分布地區
語言
	巴勒斯坦地區; 巴勒斯坦阿拉伯文; 以色列; 巴勒斯坦阿拉伯文與希伯來文; 國外巴勒斯坦人:; 阿拉伯文、英文、西班牙文、葡萄牙文等。
宗教信仰
	遜尼派、基督教和其他。
相關種族
	其他閃米特人與地中海人。

巴勒斯坦人 ( 阿拉伯语：الشعب الفلسطيني‎, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni ) 又被稱為巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人 ( 阿拉伯语：الفلسطينيون‎, al-filasTīnīyyūn; 阿拉伯语：العرب الفلسطينيون‎, al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn )，泛指長期以來定居再巴勒斯坦地區的民族^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]，巴勒斯坦人屬於亞非語系，大約有1200萬人左右。如今，只有不到一半巴勒斯坦人居住在巴勒斯坦地區(約49%)^[9]，包含加薩走廊的所有人口(約160萬人)，以及西岸的主要人口(約230萬人)，東耶路撒冷(約20萬人)及以色列16.5%的人口。^[10] ^[11]。截至2009年，巴勒斯坦人僅佔此區域49%。其中一些人被驅逐出境，其餘超過半數的巴勒斯坦人成為僑民，其中一半以上為無國籍人士^[12]。海外僑民約有190萬居住在鄰國約旦，約150萬人居住在敘利亞及黎巴嫩，約25萬人居住在沙烏地阿拉伯。

大部分的巴勒斯坦人為穆斯林的遜尼派，但也有少數基督徒居住在巴勒斯坦的周邊地區。巴勒斯坦人主要使用「巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語」，以色列的巴勒斯坦人主要是希伯來文和巴勒斯坦阿拉伯語共用。

基因顯示，巴勒斯坦人與以色列人有相當密切的關係，隨著阿拉伯人的征服，巴勒斯坦人逐漸涵化為穆斯林。

第一次廣泛使用「巴勒斯坦人」這個名詞是在第一次世界大戰後的民族自決思潮中誕生，民族主義者希望在巴勒斯坦建立一個伊斯蘭國家。巴勒斯坦人在1921年 9月21日的敘利亞-巴勒斯坦國會討論建國事宜。以色列建國後，巴勒斯坦人1948年和1967年的大逃亡讓「巴勒斯坦」成為「祖國」的代名詞。

歷史上的巴勒斯坦

詞源[编辑]

参见：巴勒斯坦

Palastine源自於希臘文中的「帕萊斯蒂尼」Palestini (Παλαιστίνη)。阿拉伯文中稱此地方為Filastin (فلسطين) ，與希臘文相近。第一次使用這個名詞是希羅多德在西元前5世紀表示「腓尼基到埃及的海岸」，並將它定義為一個民族名以區分腓尼基人。

古埃及語中的Plst 或是 flst，亞述語中的Palastu和希伯來文中的Plishtim發音十分相近，皆是表示此一區域的族群。(希伯來文普遍代表非利士人)

在英屬巴勒斯坦託管地時期，巴勒斯坦人指任何居住於此區域內的人民。例如隸屬於英國陸軍的猶太步兵旅，即被稱為「巴勒斯坦軍團」。

1948年，以色列成立，「巴勒斯坦人」此用法急遽下降。1932年，由猶太人創辦的英文報紙巴勒斯坦郵報於1950年更名為耶路撒冷郵報。

歷史[编辑]

参见：巴勒斯坦及巴勒斯坦歷史

巴勒斯坦的民族運動[编辑]

主条目：巴勒斯坦的民族運動

薩拉丁的獵鷹：巴勒斯坦民族權力機構的標誌以及國徽

巴勒斯坦人曾受羅馬、拜占庭帝國、倭馬亞王朝、法蒂瑪王朝、十字軍、阿尤布王朝、馬木留克王朝和鄂圖曼土耳其帝國統治，造成巴勒斯坦人時常無法認清自己的族群。直到20世紀，巴勒斯坦人才漸漸接觸他們的新身分。信仰是維持巴勒斯坦人凝聚民族主義最強烈力量，許多巴勒斯坦人以穆斯林的身分自居。縱然如此，巴勒斯坦人仍不認為自己僅是來自於阿拉伯或鄂圖曼土耳其的征服者，他們認為自己也擁有希伯來人以及迦南人的血統。 1830年代，埃及總督穆罕默德·阿里帕夏及其子易卜拉欣帕夏叛離鄂圖曼土耳其，並統治了巴勒斯坦。易卜拉欣帕夏為擴充軍備，大量徵召巴勒斯坦人從軍，造成巴勒斯坦人的不滿。1834年5月，巴勒斯坦人起義，連續攻佔了耶路撒冷、希伯倫和納布盧斯等城市，直到8月4日，易卜拉欣帕夏在希伯侖剿滅了最後一支叛軍，巴勒斯坦人歷史上第一次的起義才告一段落。

為自主奮鬥[编辑]

雖然巴勒斯坦人是巴勒斯坦的主要民族，他們從來沒有對這塊土地行使主權過。第一次世界大戰前，巴勒斯坦被鄂圖曼土耳其統治；戰後由英國統治；而1948年時，以色列國又在巴勒斯坦建立。僅存的加薩和西岸又在第一次中東戰爭後分別被埃及和約旦統治。第三次中東戰爭以後，以色列獲得決定性的勝利，加薩和西岸又被以軍佔據。

經過一番奮鬥之後，巴勒斯坦人的權利已經在安全理事會中受到保護。國際法院聲明，巴勒斯坦人有權享受他們的主權，包括自決。以色列大量收購巴勒斯坦土地實施種族隔離將不被允許。希金斯法官還說：「巴勒斯坦人民有權享有其領土，行使自決權，並有他們自己的國家。」2007年10月，日本司法部決定接受巴勒斯坦民族。這項決定建議由執政黨民族事務委員會，巴勒斯坦人不應再被視為無國籍人士。2008年巴勒斯坦方面聲稱擁有巴勒斯坦國部分領土的主權。，世界上已有約100個國家承認巴勒斯坦國，最近承認巴勒斯坦國的是哥斯大黎加(2008年2月承認)。

英國託管時期(1917-1948)[编辑]

印度士兵正在搜索1920年巴勒斯坦暴動的領導人

國際聯盟第22號決議文中表示巴勒斯坦不再由鄂圖曼土耳其帝國統治，並且將巴勒斯坦和外約旦暫時委託英國管理。但此舉引發巴勒斯坦人的嚴正抗議，因為在第7號決議文中表示巴勒斯坦必須依法建立獨立國家，並且由巴勒斯坦人自行管理。

1920年2月，英國將軍路易斯‧波爾斯宣布執行貝爾福宣言的內容，在巴勒斯坦建立一個猶太國家以色列後，1500人在耶路撒冷的街頭上抗議，反對英國統治及大量猶太人移民。一個月後，示威行動一發不可收拾，演變成1920年巴勒斯坦暴動。1921年5月，雅法的大型暴動造成大量猶太人或喪生。

1935年，巴勒斯坦領導人卡桑姆被殺後，他的追隨者領導了阿拉伯人起義(1936年-1939年)，巴勒斯坦人在雅法大罷工，並攻擊納布盧斯的猶太人及英國人的機構。阿拉伯高等委員會呼籲全國大罷工，停止繳交稅款，並且封鎖了自治區政府，要求結束猶太人移民和禁止出售土地給猶太人。到了1936年年底，已經演變為全國大起義。英國宣布戒嚴，解散阿拉伯高級委員會，並拘捕官員的穆斯林最高委員會背後的反抗者。到1939年，5,000名巴勒斯坦人在英國處決，超過15,000人在起義中受傷。

「消失的十年」(1948-1967)[编辑]

所謂「消失的十年」，意指第一次中東戰爭之後巴勒斯坦地區大部分遭到以色列佔據，僅存的加薩走廊和西岸分別被埃及和外約旦佔領，直到1967年六月戰爭後以色列佔領巴勒斯坦全境的時期。

1948年第一次中東戰爭後，造成了1948年巴勒斯坦大流亡。巴勒斯坦人在浩劫日(Nakaba)之後，中止了政治運動，因為他們的立場在周圍國家間搖擺不定，如黎巴嫩和敘利亞。

直到1960年代，在納塞爾提出泛阿拉伯主義之後，開羅、貝魯特和大馬士革的巴勒斯坦族學生開始籌組秘密組織。

1968年至今[编辑]

参见：巴勒斯坦暴力運動及巴勒斯坦解放組織

1967年，以色列在六日戰爭中決定性的勝利，使他們取得加薩和西岸。盼望藉此使在政治及軍事方面援助巴勒斯坦的國家，放棄巴勒斯坦建國的希望。但相反的，巴勒斯坦人反而在1964年由阿拉法特成立的巴勒斯坦解放組織以及法塔赫和巴勒斯坦人民解放陣線等組織中更加團結。

阿拉法特

卡拉麥戰役以及約旦黑色九月使更多巴勒斯坦人更團結。1974年，巴解組織被聯合國確認為巴勒斯坦國的唯一合法代表，且授予觀察員地位。以色列拒絕接受這項決議，且稱這是「可恥的」。在一次演講中以色列國會副總理兼外交部長Yigal Allon略述了政府的觀點：「沒有人可以預計，我所認識所謂的巴勒斯坦解放組織是巴勒斯坦人的代表還是恐怖組織。沒有人能區分洽談者與想通過行動消滅以色列恐怖份子」。

聯合國紀念巴勒斯坦人的權利

希伯來大學的教授伊來‧普塔赫表示，早年以色列試圖凐滅巴勒斯坦人的存在及其獨特性，1948年到1980年的以色列的教科書上皆以「以色列國土中的阿拉伯人」來取代「巴勒斯坦人」。

第一次起義(1987-1993)後簽署的奧斯陸協定並未能實現巴勒斯坦國，以致於規模更龐大的第二次起義(2000-)爆發。

人口[编辑]

西岸及加薩外的巴勒斯坦人

參考文獻[编辑]

^ Dowty, Alan. Israel/Palestine. London, UK: Polity. 2008. 221. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. "Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture."
^ 'Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine. .Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.' Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians,’ in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) Genomics and Health in the Developing World, OUP 2012 pp.700-711, p.700.
^ David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian, and that during the Crusaders’ conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders’ conquest.’ Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine,634-1099 Cambridge University Press, (1983) 1997 pp.222-3
^ 'The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine’s inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence.' Encyclopedia Britannica, Palestine,'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,'.
^ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未为name属性为palestineeb的引用提供文字
^ Bernard Lewis. Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton and Company. 1999. 169. ISBN 0-393-31839-7.
^ 'While population transfers were effected in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian periods, most of the indigenous population remained in place. Moreover, after Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70 the population by and large remained in situ, and did so again after Bar Kochba's revolt in AD 135. When the vast majority of the population became Christian during the Byzantine period, no vast number were driven out, and similarly in the seventh century, when the vast majority became Muslim, few were driven from the land. Palestine has been multi-cultural and multi ethnic from the beginning, as one can read between the lines even in the biblical narrative. Many Palestinian Jews became Christians, and in turn Muslims. Ironically, many of the forebears of Palestinian Arab refugees may well have been Jewish.'Michael Prior,Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry, Psychology Press 1999 p.201
^ 'the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively. . .Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.' James Parkes, Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,(1949) rev.ed.Penguin, 1970 pp.209-210.
^ What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza? – A Presentation and a Critique. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 10 March 2005 [2010-02-06].
^ 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未为name属性为critical的引用提供文字
^ http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/end_year06e.pdf page 17.
^ Arzt, Donna E. Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. 1997. 74. ISBN 0-87609-194-X.

外部連結[编辑]

Christians in Palestine antique prints collection

Sounds of Folksongs

Voice of Palestinian Folklore, Free Songs Download

Traditional Palestinian Clothes

The Art of Palestinian Embroidery

Sands of Sorrow – Film on refugees

United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People

The Ottoman Palestine 鄂圖曼土耳其轄下的巴勒斯坦照片下載

[Dowty-1] Dowty, Alan. Israel/Palestine. London, UK: Polity. 2008. 221. ISBN 978-0-7456-4243-7. "Palestinians are the descendants of all the indigenous peoples who lived in Palestine over the centuries; since the seventh century, they have been predominantly Muslim in religion and almost completely Arab in language and culture."

[2] 'Palestinians are an indigenous people who either live in, or originate from, historical Palestine. .Although the Muslims guaranteed security and allowed religious freedom to all inhabitants of the region, the majority converted to Islam and adopted Arab culture.' Bassam Abu-Libdeh, Peter D. Turnpenny, and Ahmed Teebi, ‘Genetic Disease in Palestine and Palestinians,’ in Dhavendra Kuma (ed.) Genomics and Health in the Developing World, OUP 2012 pp.700-711, p.700.

[3] David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi claimed that the population at the time of the Arab conquest was mainly Christian, of Jewish origins, which underwent conversion to avoid a tax burden, basing their argument on 'the fact that at the time of the Arab conquest, the population of Palestine was mainly Christian, and that during the Crusaders’ conquest some four hundred years later, it was mainly Muslim. As neither the Byzantines nor the Muslims carried out any large-scale population resettlement projects, the Christians were the offspring of the Jewish and Samaritan farmers who converted to Christianity in the Byzantine period; while the Muslim fellaheen in Palestine in modern times are descendants of those Christians who were the descendants of Jews, and had turned to Islam before the Crusaders’ conquest.’ Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine,634-1099 Cambridge University Press, (1983) 1997 pp.222-3

[4] 'The process of Arabization and Islamization was gaining momentum there. It was one of the mainstays of Umayyad power and was important in their struggle against both Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.... Conversions arising from convenience as well as conviction then increased. These conversions to Islam, together with a steady tribal inflow from the desert, changed the religious character of Palestine’s inhabitants. The predominantly Christian population gradually became predominantly Muslim and Arabic-speaking. At the same time, during the early years of Muslim control of the city, a small permanent Jewish population returned to Jerusalem after a 500-year absence.' Encyclopedia Britannica, Palestine,'From the Arab Conquest to 1900,'.

[palestineeb] 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未为name属性为palestineeb的引用提供文字

[Lewis-6] Bernard Lewis. Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice. W.W. Norton and Company. 1999. 169. ISBN 0-393-31839-7.

[7] 'While population transfers were effected in the Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian periods, most of the indigenous population remained in place. Moreover, after Jerusalem was destroyed in AD 70 the population by and large remained in situ, and did so again after Bar Kochba's revolt in AD 135. When the vast majority of the population became Christian during the Byzantine period, no vast number were driven out, and similarly in the seventh century, when the vast majority became Muslim, few were driven from the land. Palestine has been multi-cultural and multi ethnic from the beginning, as one can read between the lines even in the biblical narrative. Many Palestinian Jews became Christians, and in turn Muslims. Ironically, many of the forebears of Palestinian Arab refugees may well have been Jewish.'Michael Prior,Zionism and the State of Israel: A Moral Inquiry, Psychology Press 1999 p.201

[8] 'the word 'Arab' needs to be used with care. It is applicable to the Bedouin and to a section of the urban and effendi classes; it is inappropriate as a description of the rural mass of the population, the fellaheen. The whole population spoke Arabic, usually corrupted by dialects bearing traces of words of other origin, but it was only the Bedouin who habitually thought of themselves as Arabs. Western travelers from the sixteenth century onwards make the same distinction, and the word 'Arab' almost always refers to them exclusively. . .Gradually it was realized that there remained a substantial stratum of the pre-Israelite peasantry, and that the oldest element among the peasants were not 'Arabs' in the sense of having entered the country with or after the conquerors of the seventh century, had been there already when the Arabs came.' James Parkes, Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine,(1949) rev.ed.Penguin, 1970 pp.209-210.

[9] What is the True Demographic Picture in the West Bank and Gaza? – A Presentation and a Critique. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. 10 March 2005 [2010-02-06].

[critical] 引用错误：无效<ref>标签；未为name属性为critical的引用提供文字

[11] ttp://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/end_year06e.pdf page 17.

[12] Arzt, Donna E. Refugees into Citizens – Palestinians and the end of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Council on Foreign Relations. 1997. 74. ISBN 0-87609-194-X.

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