布魯夏斯基語

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布魯夏斯基語 Burushaski‎
通行区：	巴基斯坦的Hunza-Nagar 地區及 Yasin 地區在Gilgit區、北部地區。亦有少數人士位於克什米爾及印度各大城市。
总使用人数：	100.000；87,049(2000年WCD)
语言系属分类：	獨立語系布魯夏斯基語
官方地位
作为官方语言的国家或组织：	無
管理机构：	无官方机构
语言代码
ISO 639-1：	無
ISO 639-2：	`mis`
ISO 639-3：	`bsk`
注意：本頁包含 Unicode 的國際音標

布魯夏斯基語(بروشسکی‎，一般轉寫作Brushaski或Burushaski)是一種約有語言人口8.7萬(2000年統計)的中亞語言，說這種語言的都是布魯夏人(Burúšo)。當中有5萬到6萬人口居住在巴基斯坦北部及克什米爾山區的Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, and parts of the Gilgit valleys. Other names for the language are Kanjut (Kunjoot), Werchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias). 由於山區地方偏僻，各地的居民都形成了各自的方言體系。

現時的布魯夏斯基語的詞彙裡除了固有的字詞以外，還有相當數量從烏爾都語及其他周邊民族而來的借詞。這些借詞的來源，有來自Dardic languages such as Khowar and Shina, as well as a few from Turkic languages and from the neighboring 漢藏語系語言Balti, but the original vocabulary remains largely intact. The Dardic languages also contain large numbers of loanwords from Burushaski.

布魯夏斯基語有三種方言，取名於當地的三個主要山谷。這三種方言分別為：Hunza、Nagar及Yasin (又名Werchikwār)。The dialect of Yasin is thought to be the least affected by contact with neighboring languages and is generally less similar to the other two than those are to each other; nevertheless all three dialects are mutually intelligible.

Linguist Ilija Casule at Macquarie University proposes that Burushaski is either related to or influenced by a non-Indo-Aryan "Southern" subgroup of Indo-European which he takes to include Phrygian and Thracian, and by Balto-Slavic; these claims are by no means yet accepted.

Recently, George van Driem at Leiden University has revived links between Burushaski and Yeniseian in a family he calls Karasuk. He believes the Burusho were part of the migration out of Central Asia that resulted in the Indo-European conquest of India. These claims have recently been picked up by linguist Roger Blench.

There are three dialects of Burushaski: used in Hunza, Nagar, and Yasin. The dialect of Yasi is thought to be pure, but the most popular and written dialect is that of Hunza.

Burushaski Research Academy had submitted the first volume of Burushaski Urdu dictionary to print on 31 october 2005.

It is often said that Burushaski is an "unwritten language". Perhaps this originates from Burushaski's lack of a rich written literary history (although in this respect it is similar to even most of the world's modern written languages). However, nowadays Burushaski is sometimes written, usually in a modified version of the Arabic script. In fact, Partawi Shah, a famous writer, has written poetry in Burushaski. Tibetan sources also record a Bru-sá language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski. The Bru-sá are credited with bringing the Bön religion to Tibet and Central Asia, and their script is supposed to have been the ancestor of the Tibetan alphabet. However, no Bru-sá manuscripts are known.

[编辑] 語言分類

過往，布魯夏斯基語被認為是一種孤立語言，但現時有說法指可能是葉尼塞語系的一種語言。

[编辑] 語音系統

There are various inventories attributed to Burushaski.

**子音 1**
		雙唇音	齒音	齒齦- 顎音	卷舌音	軟顎音	小舌音	喉音
塞音	清音	p	t		t.	k	q
	送氣音	p^h	t^h		t.^h	k^h
	濁音	b	d		d.	g
塞擦音			ts	tS	ts.
擦音	清音		s	S	s.	x		h
擦音	濁音		z	Z	z.	G
鼻音		m	n			N
流音*		w	l	j
Rhotic			r

* Liquids are glides and laterals.

**字音 (柏格)**
		雙唇音	齒音	齒齦- 顎音	卷舌音	軟顎音	小舌音
塞音	清塞音	p	t		ʈ	k	q
	送氣音	pʰ	tʰ		ʈʰ	kʰ	qʰ
	濁音	b	d		ɖ	g	ɢ
塞擦音	清塞音		ts	tʃ	tʂ
	送氣音		tsʰ	tʃʰ	tʂʰ
	濁音		z	dʒ	ɖʐ
擦音	清音		s	ʃ	ʂ
鼻音		m	n			ŋ