有時被認為患有自閉症譜系障礙的歷史性人物
一些著名的歷史性人物被記者、學者和自閉症專家設想患有自閉症或其他自閉症譜系障礙,如亞斯伯格綜合征。其中大多數是有爭議的,只有少數是無爭議的。例如,一些研究人員設想,胡爾夫岡·阿瑪迪斯·莫扎特患有自閉症和其他問題,同時另外一些研究人員認為沒有充分證據證明他有這樣的問題。[1]
目录 |
有爭議的猜測[编辑]
在Hans Asperger與Leo Kanner把自閉症譜系障礙分類前逝世的一些歷史性人物亦被設想患有自閉症譜系障礙。由於亞斯伯格綜合征在1940年代才被認知,很多早期病例沒能被確診。[2]設想是基於對個體行為的報告,而不是任何臨床診斷。Yale Child Study Center的精神病醫生、自閉症專家和指導者Fred Volkmar說:「很不幸,一些江湖郎中發現每個人都有亞斯伯格綜合征。」[3]
Trinity College, Dublin而用精神病學部的Michael Fitzgerald寫了至少三本關於設想歷史性人物患有自閉症的書: The Genesis of Artistic Creativity: Asperger's Syndrome and the Arts,[4] Unstoppable Brilliance: Irish Geniuses and Asperger's Syndrome[5]和Autism and Creativity, Is there a link between autism in men and exceptional ability?[6]
列表[编辑]
| 人物 | 猜測者 |
|---|---|
| 安徒生 – 作家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4] |
| 巴托克·貝拉 – 20世紀奧地利作曲家 | Ioan James;[7] Oliver Sacks 說證據看起來「充其量非常少」。[8] |
| Hugh Blair of Borgue – 18世紀蘇格蘭地主,被認為精神無能力,現在研究認為是自閉症。 | Rab Houston和Uta Frith[9] Wolff說證據「有說服力」。[10] |
| 路易斯·卡羅 – 作家、邏輯學家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][6][11] |
| 亨利·卡文迪什 – 十八世紀英國科學家。他異常孤獨、缺乏想像力,與人相處困難、適應他人困難、難以直視他人、畫圖等。 | Oliver Sacks,[3][8]和Ioan James;[2][7] Fred Volkmar of Yale Study Child Center is skeptical.[3] |
| 卡爾十二世 – 推測患有亞斯伯格綜合征 | 瑞典研究人員,Gillberg[12]和Lagerkvist[13] |
| Jeffrey Dahmer – 連環殺手 | Silva, et al.[14][15] |
| Anne Claudine d'Arpajon, comtesse de Noailles – 法國家庭女教師、榮譽夫人 | Society for French Historical Studies, 紐約時報[6] |
| 查爾斯·達爾文 – 自然學家,與物競天擇的進化論有關 | Michael Fitzgerald[11] |
| 艾米莉·迪金森 – 詩人 | Vernon Smith[6] |
| 埃蒙·德·瓦萊拉 – 愛爾蘭革命家和政治家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][16] |
| 保羅·狄拉克 – 英國數學家和物理學家。他是1933年-1963年期間劍橋大學的盧卡斯數學教授席位,之後是St John's大學。獲得1933年諾貝爾物理學獎,由於關於量子力學的數學基礎的工作。 | Ioan James[2]和Graham Farmelo[17] |
| 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 – 物理學家 | 分析见下文 |
| Janet Frame – 紐西蘭作家 | Sarah Abrahamson;[18]提论有争议[19][與來源不符][20] |
| 格連·古爾德 – 加拿大畫家和 | Michael Fitzgerald,[4] Ioan James,[7] Tony Attwood,[21] and NPR[22] |
| 阿道夫·希特勒 – 奧地利出生,納粹德國政治家、總理和獨裁者 | Michael Fitzgerald[6]和Andreas Fries[23] |
| 托馬斯·傑斐遜 – 美國總統 | Norm Ledgin[24] Tony Attwood,[21] 和Ioan James[7] |
| Keith Joseph – 撒切爾主義之父 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][16] |
| 詹姆斯·喬伊斯 – 《尤利西斯》的作者 | Michael Fitzgerald和Antionette Walker;[5] this theory has been called "a somewhat odd hypothesis".[25] |
| Ted Kaczynski – Unabomber | Silva, et al.[14][26] |
| 斯坦利·庫布里克 - 電影製作者 | Michael Fitzgerald[27] |
| William McGonagall - 詩人,從未懂得他人在嘲笑他 | Norman Watson[28] |
| 米開朗基羅 | Arshad and Fitzgerald;[4][29][30] Ioan James also discussed Michelangelo's autistic traits.[7] |
| 胡爾夫岡·阿瑪迪斯·莫扎特 – 作曲家 | Tony Attwood[21]和Michael Fitzgerald;[4]其他人否定有足够的证据来推导出对莫扎特的诊断[1] |
| 艾薩克·牛頓 | 分析见下文 |
| Moe Norman – 加拿大高爾夫球手 | USA Today[31] |
| 喬治·奧威爾 – 被推測為患有亞斯伯格綜合征的作家。他困難的生活伴隨著社群互動問題。 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][16] |
| Enoch Powell – 英國政治家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][16] |
| 拉馬努金 – 數學家 | Ioan James[7]和Michael Fitzgerald[32] |
| 查爾斯·弗朗西斯·里克特 – 地震學家,判定地震強度的芮氏地震規模創始人 | Susan Hough in her biography of Richter[33] |
| 埃里克·薩蒂 – 作曲家 | Ioan James[7]和Michael Fitzgerald[4] |
| 喬納森·斯威夫特 – 作家 | Ioan James[7]和Michael Fitzgerald[4] |
| 尼古拉·特斯拉 - 發明家,電氣和機械工程師。能繪制十分詳細的機械圖;說8種語言;從未結婚;觸覺、聽覺、視覺敏銳;對數字3著迷;對戴首飾和超重的人厭惡;有幾次吃食上癮 | NPR,[34] Harvey Blume[35] |
| 艾倫·圖靈 – 計算機科學先鋒。他看上去是一位數學專家,他的生活方式有很多自閉症特徵 | Tony Attwood[21]和Ioan James[7] |
| 邁克爾·文特里斯 – English architect who deciphered Linear B | Simon Baron-Cohen[36] |
| 安迪·華荷 – 美國藝術家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][37]和Ioan James[7] |
| Blind Tom Wiggins – 自閉症學者 | Oliver Sacks[38] |
| 路德維希·維特根斯坦 – 奧地利哲學家 | Michael Fitzgerald[39] Tony Attwood,[21]和Ioan James;[7]但Oliver Sacks似乎不同意。[8] |
| 威廉·巴特勒·葉芝 – 詩人和劇作家 | Michael Fitzgerald[4][16] |
愛因斯坦和牛頓[编辑]
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦 (1879–1955) 和艾薩克·牛頓 (1643–1727) 兩人都生活在亞斯伯格綜合征被知曉以前,而Ioan James、[2] Michael Fitzgerald[16] 與Simon Baron-Cohen[40]認為他們的性格與亞斯伯格綜合征患者一致;Tony Attwood認為愛因斯坦有些像患有低度自閉症。[21]
阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦和艾薩克·牛頓都對特定領域顯示了強烈的智力興趣。在牛頓50歲時,遭受了嚴重的涉及重性抑鬱障礙和偏執的損傷。可能是因為他是煉金術士,當他死後在身體中發現了大量的水銀,這可以解釋他晚年的反常行為。[41]
Illana Katz 1995年的書In a World of His Own: A Storybook About Albert Einstein中形容愛因斯坦「是一個獨來獨往、孤獨、經常發脾氣、沒朋友、不想和群的人」。[42]作為一名成年人,他的講課曾是混亂的。
反對意見[编辑]
Oliver Sacks說,愛因斯坦或牛頓有孤獨症的可能 「最多只有一點」。[8]舊金山加利福尼亞大學精神病醫生Glen Elliott主張「愛因斯坦很幽默,這在亞斯伯格綜合征患者中不常見」。[40]
參考[编辑]
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- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 James I. Singular scientists. J R Soc Med. 2003, 96 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1258/jrsm.96.1.36. PMC 539373. PMID 12519805.
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- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Fitzgerald, Michael. The genesis of artistic creativity: Asperger's syndrome and the arts. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2005. ISBN 1843103346.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Walker, Antoinette; Michael Fitzgerald. Unstoppable Brilliance: Irish Geniuses and Asperger's Syndrome. Liberties Press. 2006. ISBN 1-905483-031.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Fitzgerald, Michael. Autism and creativity: is there a link between autism in men and exceptional ability?. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge. 2004. ISBN 1583912134.
- ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 James, Ioan. Asperger's Syndrome and High Achievement: Some Very Remarkable People. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2006. ISBN 1843103885.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Sacks O. Henry Cavendish: an early case of Asperger's syndrome?. Neurology. 2001, 57 (7): 1347 [2007-06-28]. PMID 11591871. (原始内容存档于2007-09-01).
- ^ Houston, Rab; Uta Frith. Autism in history: the case of Hugh Blair of Borgue. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 2000. ISBN 0631220895.
- ^ Wolff S. The history of autism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004, 13 (4): 201–8. doi:10.1007/s00787-004-0363-5. PMID 15365889.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Brilliant minds linked to autism. BBC News. 8 January 2004 [2007-11-25].
- ^ Gillberg C. [Charles XII seems to have fulfilled all the criteria of Asperger syndrome]. Lakartidningen. 2002, 99 (48): 4837–8. PMID 12523067 (Swedish).
- ^ Lagerkvist B. [Charles XII had all symptoms of Asperger syndrome: stubbornness, a stereotyped existence and lack of compassion]. Lakartidningen. 2002, 99 (48): 4874–8. PMID 12523074 (Swedish).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Asperger's Disorder: A possible explanation for behavior of subgroup of serial killers? Crime Times Vol. 11, No. 3, 2005 Page 6. Retrieved on 2008-01-25
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延伸閱讀[编辑]
- Berman D, Fitzgerald M, Hayes J (Editors)(1996). The danger of words and writings on Wittgenstein M.O.C. Drury Bristol Thoemmes Press.
- Fitzgerald M, Berman D (1994). "Of Sound Mind". Nature, 368:92. Reprinted in Portraits of Wittgenstein. Ed by F.A. Flowers Thoemmes Press, 1999.
- Fitzgerald M. Did Isaac Newton have Asperger's Syndrome. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Journal. 1999, 8: 244.