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濁圓唇軟顎近音(labio-velar approximant)為輔音之一種，用於口語中。在英語中，用音素/w/表示。[1]。濁圓唇軟顎近音在國際音標的符號是w，X-SAMPA音標的符號則是w。在多數的語言，濁圓唇軟顎近音是唇化軟顎近音[ɰʷ], and the semivocalic counterpart of the close back rounded vowel [u]. As labio-velar consonants do not easily fit into consonant charts with only labial and velar columns, [w] may be put in either the velar column, (bi)labial column, or both, though the latter is rare outside of the official IPA chart; the placement may have more to do with phonological criteria than phonetic ones.[2]
特徵 [编辑]
濁圓唇軟顎近音特徵如下:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips. Some languages, such as Japanese and perhaps the Northern Iroquoian languages, have a sound typically transcribed as [w] where the lips are compressed (or at least not rounded), which is a true labial–velar (as opposed to labialized velar) consonant. Close transcriptions may avoid the symbol [w] in such cases, or may use the under-rounding diacritic, [w̜].
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
範例 [编辑]
參見 [编辑]
參考資料 [编辑]
參考書目 [编辑]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C., Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2004, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1992, 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, Illustrations of the IPA:French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Ohala, James; Lorentz, Story of [w]: An exercise in the phonetic explanation for sound patterns, Berkeley Linguistics Society annual meeting 3 proceedings. 1977: 577–599
- Pukui, Mary Kawena; Elbert, Samuel H., Hawaiian Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 1986, ISBN 0-8248-0703-0
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana, Italian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2004, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language. 1959, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232
- Watson, Janet, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press. 2002
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| ——本表格包含语音学符号，在一些浏览器里可能无法正常显示。[幫助] |
| ——成对的符号中，左右两侧有清浊音之分。其右者为浊音，左者为清音。 |
| ——灰色背景的字段代表被判定为不可能的发音组合。白色背景而无符号的字段代表可能的发音组合，但目前未发现含有此音的语言。 |
| ——* 表示未被规范的音标符号。 |
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