瓦萨号
瓦薩號的左舵船首 |
|
| 服役概略 (瑞典) | |
|---|---|
| 龍骨安放: | 1626 |
| 下水: | 1628 |
| 結果: | 打撈,現為館藏船艦 |
| 性能 | |
| 船身長: | 69米(226英尺) |
| 舷寬: | 11.7米(38英尺) |
| 船高: | 52.5米(172英尺) |
| 吃水: | 4.8米(16英尺) |
| 動力: | 帆,1,275平方米(13,720平方英尺) |
| 船員: | 145名水手、300名士兵 |
| 武裝: |
64座大炮,包括: |
瓦萨号(“Vasa”或“Wasa”[1])是瑞典国王古斯塔夫二世于1626年到1628年间下令建造的一艘军舰。1628年8月10日,瓦萨号从其建造地扬帆起航,但在航行了不到1海里(少于2千米)後便浸水沉没。17世纪时,人们曾试图取回这艘沉船上颇具价值的加农炮,但在后来这艘船便为世人所遗忘。直到1950年代,有人在斯德哥尔摩港一条繁忙航线的一侧再次找到了瓦萨号沉船的位置,这引起了公众的注意。1961年4月24日,瓦萨号庞大的船躯被几近完整地打捞上岸,并被临时存放在Wasavarvet(“瓦萨船坞”)博物馆中。1987年,瓦萨号被移往斯德哥尔摩的瓦萨沉船博物馆展出。这艘船是瑞典最受游客欢迎的展品之一;至2007年为止,她吸引的游客数量已超过二千五百万名。
由于在建造时没有填入足够的压舱物,瓦萨号即便在港口停靠时也不能保持平衡。尽管有着严重的结构缺陷,瓦萨号依然被允许起航:不出所料的是,在出海航行不到几分钟后,瓦萨号便被一阵微风吹倒,继而全船倾覆。令瓦萨号匆忙起航的因素来自以下几个方面:身处国外的古斯塔夫二世急于让瓦萨号加入波罗的海舰队备战;而国王的下属们则缺少政治勇气,没有向国王禀报船只的结构缺陷,亦未请求将首航时间推延。事后,瑞典枢密院曾组织了一次针对事故的调查,以追查负责人的责任,但最后却无疾而终。
在1961年的打捞行动中,海洋考古学家们在瓦萨号的船壳周围找到了大量的人造物品,并发现了至少15具人类遗体。在这些发现物中,有着衣物、兵器、大炮、工具、硬币、餐具、食物、饮料以及十分之六部分的船帆,这些物品和船只本身都成为了珍贵的历史学研究对象,让人们可以深入地了解到瑞典17世纪早期的海上战争、造船技术以及日常生活。瓦萨号的建造带有明确的弘扬瑞典国威、宣扬国王意志的政治意图,因此它的内装极尽繁华奢美。在当时,瓦萨号堪称是世界上最大最强的战舰之一;其船体上装饰了成百上千的雕刻品,每一件上面都涂有生动的色彩。
目录 |
历史 [编辑]
在17世纪以前,瑞典只是一个位于北欧边缘的贫穷小国。但在1611年到1718年间,瑞典出现了一系列富有能力的君主,确立了强有力的中央集权体制,建立了高效的军事机器,从而成为了波罗的海最为强大的国家之一,而其在欧洲政治中的影响力也与日俱增。这段时期被后世史学家称为“stormaktstiden”,意为“伟大时代”或“强权时代”。瑞典的史学家们常把当时的瑞典视作倾全国之力发动战争的绝佳案例,认为这个北方小国在短短几十年间便将自身转变成了一个军事财政国家。[2]
建造 [编辑]
Shortly before Vasa was ordered, work at the Stockholm shipyard was led by Antonius Monier, with Dutch-born Henrik Hybertsson as hired shipbuilder. On 16 January 1625, Henrik and his brother, Arendt Hybertsson (de Groote), took over the shipyard and soon signed a contract to build four ships, two larger with a keel of around 41 meters (135 ft) and two smaller of 33 meters (108 feet).[3]
After a few years, the shipyard ran into economic problems, delaying the construction of the contracted ships. At the same time, the Swedish navy lost 10 ships in a single storm, and the king sent a worried letter to Admiral Klas Fleming, asking him to make sure that Henrik hurried the construction of the two smaller ships. Along with the letter, the king sent measurements for the ship, which was to have a keel of 37 meters (120 ft). That gave Henrik Hybertsson new problems, because the measurements ordered by the king fell between those of the larger and smaller vessels in the original contract, and the timber had already been cut. In a new letter, on 22 February 1626, the king again demanded that his measurements for the new ship be followed.[4] Hybertsson never saw Vasa completed; he fell ill in late 1625, one year into construction, and died in the spring of 1627. The supervision of the shipbuilding was given to Hybertsson's assistant, Henrik 'Hein' Jacobsson, also a Dutch immigrant.[5]
Vasa's hull was complete enough to be launched in 1627, probably during the spring. After this, work most likely began on finishing the upper deck, the sterncastle, the beakhead and the rigging. Sweden had still not developed a sizeable sailcloth industry, and material had to be ordered from abroad, some from France but also from Germany and the Low Countries. The sails were made mostly of hemp and partly of flax. 索具完全由从拉托维亚里加进口的大麻纤维编成。古斯塔夫国王1628年1月莅临船厂,这也是他唯一一次登上瓦萨号。[6]
处女航 [编辑]
On 10 August 1628, Captain Söfring Hansson ordered Vasa to set sail on its maiden voyage to the naval station at Älvsnabben. The day was calm, and the only wind was a light breeze from the southwest. The ship was towed along the waterfront to the southern side of the harbor, where three sails were set, and the ship made way to the east. The gun ports were open, and the guns were out to fire a salute as the ship left Stockholm.[7]
参考文献 [编辑]
- ^ 这艘船的原名为“Wasen”或“Wassen”(意为箭囊),其意取自瑞典瓦萨王朝盾徽上的箭囊图案,而这一图案亦是现今瑞典国徽的一部分。由于原名读音与瓦萨王朝的“Vasa”相近,亦由于“Vasa”近似于瑞典方言中常见的“vase”一词,“Vasa”逐渐取代了原名,并最终成为了该船公认的名称。
- ^ Vasa I,Hocker,36-39页;亦参见Jan Glete的论文《The Swedish fiscal-military state and its navy, 1521–1721》.
- ^ Sandström (1982).
- ^ Hocker in Vasa I, pp. 43–44.
- ^ Hocker in Vasa I, p. 41.
- ^ Hocker in Vasa I, pp. 47–50.
- ^ 引用错误:无效
<ref>标签;未为name属性为Vasa的引用提供文字