航天器推进
维基百科，自由的百科全书
太空飛行器推進是任何加速太空飛行器和人造卫星的方法，目前已知具有許多方式，每一種方式都有弱點與優點。目前許多推進方式是採用火箭。
目录 |
推進方法[编辑]
火箭發動機[编辑]
噴氣發動機[编辑]
電磁加速器[编辑]
推進設備[编辑]
可能違背物理法則的推進系統[编辑]
不同的方法[编辑]
| 方法 | 有效排氣 速度 (km/s) |
推力 (N) |
持續時間 | 最大ΔV (km/s) |
技术成熟度 (9成最高,1為最低) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 固態火箭 | 1 - 4 | 103 - 107 | 分鐘 | ~ 7 | 9:Flight proven |
| 混合火箭 | 1.5 - 4.2 | <0.1 - 107 | 分鐘 | > 3 | 9:Flight proven |
| 單裝藥火箭 (裝藥) | 1 - 3 | 0.1 - 100 | 毫秒-分鐘 | ~ 3 | 9:Flight proven |
| 液態火箭 | 1 - 4.7 | 0.1 - 107 | 分鐘 | ~ 9 | 9:Flight proven |
| 靜電離子推力器 | 15 - 210[1] | 10−3 - 10 | 月/年 | > 100 | 9:Flight proven |
| 霍爾推力器 (HET) | 8 - 50 | 10−3 - 10 | 月/年 | > 100 | 9:Flight proven[2] |
| Resistojet rocket | 2 - 6 | 10−2 - 10 | 分鐘 | ? | 8:Flight qualified[3] |
| Arcjet rocket | 4 - 16 | 10−2 - 10 | 分鐘 | ? | 8:Flight qualified[來源請求] |
| Field Emission Electric Propulsion (FEEP) | 100[4]-130 | 10−6[4]-10−3[4] | 月/年 | ? | 8:Flight qualified[4] |
| 脈衝等離子體推力器 (PPT) | ~ 20 | ~ 0.1 | ~2,000-10,000 小時 | ? | 7:Prototype demoed in space |
| 雙模式推進火箭 | 1 - 4.7 | 0.1 - 107 | 毫秒-分鐘 | ~ 3 - 9 | 7:Prototype demoed in space |
| 太陽帆 | 300,000:Light 145-750:Wind |
9/km2 @ 1 AU 230/km2@0.2AU 10−10/km2@4 ly |
不定 | > 40 | 9:Light pressure attitude-control flight proven 6:Deploy-only demoed in space 5:Light-sail validated in lit vacuum |
| 三裝藥火箭 | 2.5 - 5.3 | 0.1 - 107 | 分鐘 | ~ 9 | 6:Prototype demoed on ground[5] |
| 磁等离子体动力推力器 (MPD) | 20 - 100 | 100 | 星期 | ? | 6:Model-1 kW demoed in space[6] |
| 核热火箭 | 9[7] | 107[7] | 分鐘[7] | > ~ 20 | 6:Prototype demoed on ground |
| 質量投射器 (for propulsion) | 0 - ~30 | 104 - 108 | 月 | ? | 6:Model-32MJ demoed on ground |
| Tether propulsion | N/A | 1 - 1012 | 分鐘 | ~ 7 | 6:Model-31.7 km demoed in space[8] |
| Air-augmented rocket | 5 - 6 | 0.1 - 107 | 秒-分鐘 | > 7? | 6:Prototype demoed on ground[9][10] |
| Liquid air cycle engine | 4.5 | 103 - 107 | 秒-分鐘 | ? | 6:Prototype demoed on ground |
| Pulsed inductive thruster (PIT) | 10[11]-80[11] | 20 | 月 | ? | 5:Component validated in vacuum[11] |
| 可变比冲磁等离子体火箭 (VASIMR) | 10 - 300 | 40 - 1,200 | 日 - 月 | > 100 | 5:Component-200 kW validated in vacuum |
| Magnetic field oscillating amplified thruster | 10 - 130 | 0.1 - 1 | 日 - 月 | > 100 | 5:Component validated in vacuum |
| Solar thermal rocket | 7 - 12 | 1 - 100 | 星期 | > ~ 20 | 4:Component validated in lab[12] |
| Radioisotope rocket | 7 - 8 | 1.3 - 1.5 | 月 | ? | 4:Component validated in lab |
| Nuclear electric rocket(As electric prop. method used) | 可變 | 可變 | 可變 | ? | 4:Component-400kW validated in lab |
| Orion Project (Near term nuclear pulse propulsion) | 20 - 100 | 109 - 1012 | 日 | ~30-60 | 3:Validated-900 kg proof-of-concept[13][14] |
| 太空電梯 | N/A | N/A | 不定 | > 12 | 3:Validated proof-of-concept |
| Reaction Engines SABRE[15] | 30/4.5 | 0.1 - 107 | 分鐘 | 9.4 | 3:Validated proof-of-concept |
| 磁化帆 | 145-750:Wind | 70/40Mg[16] | 不定 | ? | 3:Validated proof-of-concept |
| Magnetic sail#Mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion | 200 | ~1 N/kW | 月 | ? | 3:Validated proof-of-concept[17] |
| Beam-powered/Laser(As prop. method powered by beam) | 可變 | 可變 | 可變 | ? | 3:Validated-71m proof-of-concept |
| 发射环/Orbital ring | N/A | ~104 | 分鐘 | >>11-30 | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 核脈衝推進 (代達羅斯計劃) | 20 - 1,000 | 109 - 1012 | 年 | ~15,000 | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| Gas core reactor rocket | 10 - 20 | 103 - 106 | ? | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 核盐水火箭 | 100 | 103 - 107 | 小時 | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 裂變帆 | ? | ? | ? | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| Fission-fragment rocket | 15,000 | ? | ? | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 核光子火箭 | 300,000 | 10−5 - 1 | 年-幾十年 | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 聚变火箭 | 100 - 1,000 | ? | ? | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 反物質催化核脈衝推進 | 200 - 4,000 | ? | 日-星期 | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 反物質火箭 | 10,000-100,000 | ? | ? | ? | 2:Technology concept formulated |
| 巴萨德冲压发动机 | 2.2 - 20,000 | ? | 不定 | ~30,000 | 2:概念构想阶段 |
| Gravitoelectromagnetic toroidal launchers | 300,000:GEM | ? | ? | <300,000 | 1:Basic principles observed & reported |
| 阿庫別瑞引擎 | >300,000 | ? | ? | ∞ | 1:Basic principles observed & reported |
| 方法 | 有效排氣 速度 (km/s) |
推力 (N) |
持續時間 | 最大ΔV (km/s) |
技術就緒水平 (9成最高,1為最低) |
行星和大气发射[编辑]
某些发射方法不采用火箭或以火箭为辅助设备，这些称为非火箭航天发射。
参考资料[编辑]
- ^ http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMOSTG23IE_index_0.html
- ^ Hall effect thrusters have been used on Soviet/Russian satellites for decades.
- ^ A Xenon Resistojet Propulsion System for Microsatellites (Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 http://www.alta-space.com/index.php?page=feep
- ^ http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd701.htm
- ^ http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ja&u=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/ISASnews/No.190/labo-5.html
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 http://www.astronautix.com/engines/rd0410.htm
- ^ http://www.yes2.info/
- ^ Gnom
- ^ NASA GTX
- ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 The PIT MkV pulsed inductive thruster
- ^ Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne Wins $2.2 Million Contract Option for Solar Thermal Propulsion Rocket Engine (Press release, June 25, 2008, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne)
- ^ Operation Plumbbob. 2003.July [2006-07-31].
- ^ Brownlee, Robert R. Learning to Contain Underground Nuclear Explosions. 2002.June [2006-07-31].
- ^ 引用错误：无效
<ref>标签；未为name属性为SABRE的引用提供文字 - ^ http://www.psfc.mit.edu/library1/catalog/reports/2000/05ja/05ja026/05ja026_full.pdf
- ^ MagBeam
外部連結[编辑]
- NASA Beginner's Guide to Propulsion
- NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics project
- Rocket Propulsion
- Journal of Advanced Theoretical Propulsion
- Different Rockets
- Earth-to-Orbit Transportation Bibliography
- Spaceflight Propulsion - a detailed survey by Greg Goebel, in the public domain
- Rocket motors on howstuffworks.com
- Johns Hopkins University, Chemical Propulsion Information Analysis Center
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