英語國際音標列表
维基百科，自由的百科全书
英語使用之國際音標，詳情請看英語國際音標。
關於不同辭典使用的語音學標音，請看英語發音重拼法。
- AuE = 澳大利亚英语
- CaE = 加拿大英语
- GA = 通用美国英语
- IrE = 爱尔兰英语
- NZE = 新西兰英语
- RP = 公认发音（英国标准）
- ScE = 苏格兰英语
- SAE = 南非英语
- SSE = 新加坡标准英语
- WaE = 威尔士英语
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| 其他用于标示英语发音的符号 | ||
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| IPA | 说明 | |
| ˈ | 主重音（在重读音节前面），例如rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
| ˌ | 次重音（在重读音节前面），例如pronunciation /prɵˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
| . | 音节分隔号，例如ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/、I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ | |
| ̩ | ̍ | 成节辅音（在音节下面），例如ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
參看 [编辑]
註釋 [编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.
- ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
- ^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
- ^ Pronounced [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
- ^ Pronounced [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
- ^ Marginal elsewhere, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
- ^ Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)
- ^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
- ^ [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
- ^ L-vocalization as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.
- ^ L-vocalization as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart. Notably Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.
- ^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
- ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and much of the American South dialects, distinguish ʍ from w; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
- ^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Kenyon & Knott (1944/1953)
- ^ Kenyon (1950)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
- ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
- ^ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
- ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
- ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ^ Deterding, David (2003) 'An instrumental study of the monophthong vowels of Singapore English', English World Wide, 24(1), 1–16.
- ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
- ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the ，SC vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
- ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- ^ Tay Wan, Joo, Mary. 'The phonology of educated Singapore English'. English World-Wide. 1982, 3 (2): 135–45.
- ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction.
- ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
- ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in all other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Canadian English has a phenomenon called Canadian raising in which raised diphthongs [ʌi] and [ʌu] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌit] and out [ʌut]; in other environments, [aɪ] and [aʊ] are used. In much of U.S. English, this happens with [ʌɪ], primarily when a voiceless consonant phoneme follows /aɪ/. For example, dike, life, and sight end with voiceless /k/, /f/, and /t/, so the diphthongs differ from those in wives and side, which have voiced /v/ and /d/. For some speakers, [ʌɪ] also occurs before voiced consonants when another syllable follows, but only when no morpheme break occurs; hence [ʌɪ] in tiger and/or spider, but [aɪ] in rider because -er is a separate morpheme. Most U.S. English distinguishes between writer [ˈɹʌɪɾəɹ] and rider [ˈɹaɪɾəɹ] purely based on this vowel difference.
- ^ Lee, Ee May and Lim, Lisa (2000) ' Diphthongs in Singaporean English: their realisations across different formality levels, and some attitudes of listeners towards them. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 100–111.
- ^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and /ɛə/.
- ^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [ɔː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.
