蒙古野驢
维基百科,自由的百科全书
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蒙古野驢 |
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| 科學分類 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Equus hemionus hemionus Pallas, 1775 |
蒙古野驢(Equus hemionus hemionus,蒙古文Хулан)是波斯野驢的一個亞種,也有可能是戈壁野驢的異名。[2] 牠們分佈在蒙古及中國北方,以往亦曾在哈薩克出沒,但因獵殺而在當地滅絕了。[3]
蒙古野驢的分佈地於1990年代大大的減少。於1994年至1997年估計就有33000-63000隻蒙古野驢,分佈在差不多整個蒙古南部。[4]但到了2003年就只有約20000隻,分佈在蒙古南部的17萬平方公里。[5]雖然所有資料都非正式統計[6][7],但肯定牠們在過去70年就已失去了50%的分佈地。
蒙古野驢的數量下降是因被烹吃及與其他家畜爭食所致,並被列為瀕危物種。[1]自1953年起,牠們在蒙古就已經全面受到保護。牠們被列在《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二中。[8]但是,由於人類人口膨漲及嚴冬的氣候[9],牠們與牧民之間的爭競就更為激烈。
蒙古野驢被烹吃的問題日益嚴重。在一些地區,牠們的肉是很廉價。單於2005年的問卷調查,就顯示每年有多達4500匹蒙古野驢被烹吃,即總數量的20%。再者於1990年代初,政策容許城市居民回歸為遊牧民族,引發野外地區的人口及家畜暴增。[10][11][12]
參考 [编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 (英文) Moehlman, P.D., Shah, N. & Feh, C. (2008). Equus hemionus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008。擷取於2009-03-19
- ^ Oakenfull EA, Lim HN and Ryder AO. A survey of equid mitochondrial DNA: Implications for the evolution, genetic diversity and conservation of Equus. Cons Genet. 2000, 1: 341–355.
- ^ Clark, B. and Duncan, P. Asian Wild Asses - Hemiones and Kiangs (E. hemionus Pallas and E. kiang Moorcroft)//In P. Duncan (ed.). Zebras, Asses, and Horses. An Action Plan for the Conservation of Wild Equids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Equid Specialist Group. 1992: 17–21.
- ^ Reading, R. P., H. M. Mix, B. Lhagvasuren, C. Feh, D. P. Kane, S. Dulamtseren, and S. Enkhbold. Status and distribution of khulan (Equus hemionus) in Mongolia. Journal of Zoology, London. 2001, 254: 381–389.
- ^ Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment. Status and distribution of the khulan in Mongolia in 2003. Mongolian Ministry of Nature and Environment, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. 2003.
- ^ Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, J.L. Laake, D.L. Borchers and L. Thomas. Introduction to Distance Sampling. Oxford UK and New York USA: Oxford University Press. 2001: 432.
- ^ Kaczensky P. and C. Walzer. Przewalski horses, wolves and khulans in Mongolia. Bi-annual progress reports. 2002a, 2002b, 2003a, 2003b.
- ^ CMS 2002. Convention on Migratory Species. Appendix II.
- ^ United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. DZUD 2000-Mongolia: An evolving ecological, social and economic disaster: A rapid needs assessment report. United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT): National Civil Defence and State Emergency Commission Ulaanbaatar. 2000.
- ^ Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Revue. 1999, 89 (3): 315–342.
- ^ Bedunah, D. J. and S. M. Schmidt. Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia's Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park. Development and Change. 2004, 35 (1): 167–191.
- ^ Mearns, R., D. Shombodon, G. Narangerel, U. Tuul, A. Enkhamgalan, B. Myagmarzhav, A. Bayanjargal, and B. Bekhsuren. Natural resource mapping and seasonal variations and stresses in Mongolia. RRA Notes. 1994, 20: 95–105.