除以零
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數學中,將某數除以零可表達為
,即a除以零。此式是否成立端視其在如何的數學設定下計算。一般實數算術中,此式為無意義。在程序設計中,當遇上正整數除以零程序會中止,正如浮點數會出現NaN值的情況。
目录 |
[编辑] 基本算術
基本算術中,除法指將一個集合中的物件分成若干等份。例如,10個蘋果平分給5人,每人可得
= 2個蘋果。同理,10個蘋果只分給1人,則他/她可得
= 10個蘋果。
若除以0又如何?若有10個蘋果,無人來分,每「人」可得多少蘋果?問題本身是沒有意義的,根本無人來,談論每「人」可得多少根本多餘。所以,
,在基本算術中,是無意義或未下定義的。
另一種解釋是將除法理解為不斷的減法。例如「13除以5」,換一種說法,13減去兩個5,餘下3,即被除數一直減去除數直至餘數數值低於被除數,算式為
= 2 餘數 3。若某數除以零,就算不斷減去零,餘數也不可能小於被除數,使得算式與無窮拉上關係,超出基本算術的範疇。
[编辑] 早期嘗試
婆羅摩笈多(598–668年)的著作Brahmasphutasiddhanta被視為最早討論零的數學和定義涉及零的算式的文本。但當中對除以零的論述並不正確,根據婆羅摩笈多,
- "一個正或負整數除以零,成為以零為分母的分數。零除以正或負整數是零或以零為分子、該正或負整數為分母的分數。零除以零是零。"
830年,摩訶吠羅在其著作Ganita Sara Samgraha試圖糾正婆羅摩笈多的錯誤,但不成功:
- "一數字除以零會維持不變。"
婆什迦羅第二嘗試解決此問題,設
,雖然此定義有一定道理,但會導致悖論[1](參見下面)。
[编辑] 代數處理
若某數學系統遵從域的公理,則在該數學系統內除以零必須為沒有意義。這是因為除法被定義為是乘法的逆向操作,即
值是方程bx = a中x的解(若有的話)。若設b = 0,方程式bx = a可寫成 0x = a或直接 0 = a。因此,方程式bx = a沒有解(当a = 0时),但x是任何數值也可解此方程(当a ≠ 0时)。在各自情況下均沒有獨一無二的數值,所以
未能下定義。
[编辑] 除以零的謬誤
在代數運算中不當使用除以零可得出無效證明:2 = 1
由:
得出:
除以零得出
簡化,得出:
以上謬論一個假設,就是某數除以0是容許的並且0 / 0 = 1。
[编辑] 虛假的除法
在矩陣代數或線性代數中,可定義一種虛假的除法,設
,當中b+代表b的虛構倒數。這樣,若b−1存在,則b+ = b−1。若b等於0,則0+ = 0;參見广义逆。
[编辑] 抽象代數
[编辑] 數學分析
[编辑] 扩展的实数轴
表面看來,可以藉着考慮隨着b趨向0的
極限而定義
。 對於任何正數a,
而對於任何負數a,
所以,對於正數a,
可被定義為+∞,而對於負數a則可定義為−∞。不過,某數也可以由負數一方(左面)趨向零,這様,對於正數a,
定義為−∞,負數a定義為+∞。由此可得(假設實數的基本性質可應用在極限上):
最終變成 +∞ = −∞,與在扩展的实数轴上對極限賦予的標準定義不相符。唯一的辦法是用沒有正負號的無限,參見下面。
另外,利用極限的比無為
提供解釋:
並不存在,而
若隨着x趨向0,f(x)與g(x)均趨向0,該極限可等於任何實數或無限,或者根本不存在,視乎f及g是何函數(參閱洛必達法則)。由此,
難以被定義為一極限。
http://zh.wikipedia.orgTemplate:Localurl: 無限接近法 2/0.1=20 2/0.01=200 2/0.001=2000 2/0.000001=2000000 愈接近0 所得的數愈大,所以除以0個數會變做無限大.
[编辑] 形式推算
運用形式推算(formal calculation),正號、負號或沒有正負號因情況而定,除以零定義為:
[编辑] 黎曼球
集合
為黎曼球(Riemann sphere),在複分析中相當重要。Here, too,
is an unsigned infinity, or, as it is often called in this context, the point at infinity. This set is analogous to the real projective line, except that it is based on the field of complex numbers. In the Riemann sphere,
, but 0 / 0 is undefined, as well as
.
[编辑] 注釋
[编辑] 參考
- Patrick Suppes 1957 (1999 Dover edition), Introduction to Logic, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York. ISBN 0-486-40687-3 (pbk.). This book is in print and readily available. Suppes's §8.5 The Problem of Division by Zero begins this way: "That everything is not for the best in this best of all possible worlds, even in mathematics,is well illustrated by the vexing problem of defining the operation of division in the elementary theory of artihmetic" (p. 163). In his §8.7 Five Approaches to Division by Zero he remarks that "...there is no uniformly satisfactory solution" (p. 166)
- Charles Seife 2000, Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea, Penguin Books, NY, ISBN 0 14 02.9647 6 (pbk.). This award-winning book is very accessible. Along with the fascinating history of (for some) an abhorent notion and others a cultural asset, describes how zero is misapplied with respect to multiplication and division.
- Alfred Tarski 1941 (1995 Dover edition), Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, New York. ISBN 0-486-28462-X (pbk.). Tarski's §53 Definitions whose definiendum contains the identity sign discusses how mistakes are made (at least with respect to zero). He ends his chapter "(A discussion of this rather difficult problem [exactly one number satisfying a definiens] will be omitted here.*)" (p. 183). The * points to Exercise #24 (p. 189) wherein he asks for a proof of the following: "In section 53, the definition of the number '0' was stated by way of an example. In order to be certain that this definition does not lead to a contradiction, it should be preceded by the following theorem: There exists exactly one number x such that, for any number y, we have: y + x = y."
[编辑] 延伸閱讀
- Jakub Czajko (July 2004) "On Cantorian spacetime over number systems with division by zero ", Chaos, Solitons and Fractals, volume 21, number 2, pages 261–271.
- Ben Goldacre(2006年12月7日).Maths Professor Divides By Zero, Says BBC.





。當 x 趨向 0, y 趨向無限(反之亦然)






