马耳他

维基百科,自由的百科全书

(重定向自馬爾他島)
跳转到: 导航, 搜索
坐标北纬35度57分32秒,东经14度24分43秒
翻译标记 此条目的内容可能有不周全之处,您可以考虑從Malta翻譯成中文。
歡迎您積極參與,协助改善这篇条目
Ir-Repubblika ta' Malta
Republic of Malta
馬爾他共和國
国旗 国徽
国家格言:無
国歌L-Innu Malti
自然地理
(实际管辖区)
首都 瓦萊塔
最大城市 比爾澤布賈
面积
时区 UTC +1
夏時制:UTC+2
人民生活
官方语言 馬爾他語英語
人口
民族 馬爾他人
主要节日 獨立日9月21日
政治文化
政治体制 議會民主制
国家领导人
经济实力
GDP(PPP) 53.69億美元(2005年估計)
PPP-75.74億美元(2005年估計)
人均GDP(PPP) 13,683美元(2005年估計)
PPP-19,302美元(2005年估計)
HDI 0.878(2007年
中央银行 馬爾他中央銀行
货币单位 歐元(EUR)
国家资料
国家象征 國花矢車菊
国家代码 MLT
国际域名缩写 .mt
国际电话区号 +356

马耳他共和国马耳他语Repubblika ta' Malta英語Republic of Malta)是欧洲南部岛国,由地中海一些岛屿组成。由于其重要的战略地理位置,几个世纪来先后被不同的军事力量征服和统治过。

目录

[编辑] 詞源

The origin of the term "Malta" is uncertain, though the modern day variation is from the Maltese language. The more common etymology is that it comes from the Greek word μέλι (meli) ('honey'). The Greeks called the island Μελίτη (Melite) meaning "honey" or "honey-sweet" possibly due to Malta's unique production of honey; Malta has had an endemic species of bee which lives on the island, giving it the common nickname the "land of honey". Not only was there Greek influence on the island as early as 700 BC, but the island was later dominated by the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire from 395 to 870.

Another etymology given is the Phoenician word Maleth meaning "a haven".

[编辑] 历史

主条目:马耳他历史

公元前10世纪起,腓尼基人便在此定居,前8世纪马耳他被希腊人占领,前4世纪又被迦太基占领。前218年始被古罗马统治。9世纪起马耳他又先后被拜占庭帝国阿拉伯帝国诺曼人统治。1523年圣约翰骑士团罗得岛移居这里,并获得神圣罗马帝国皇帝查理五世的承认。这支骑士团后改名为马耳他骑士团1556年马耳他大围攻战役中,骑士团击败了奥斯曼帝国,此次战役是马耳他历史上最重大的事件,因為它阻止了奧斯曼帝國進一步向西擴張。1798年拿破仑法国军队将骑士团逐出。1800年英国占领马耳他。1814年正式沦为英国殖民地。1964年9月21日正式独立,为英联邦成员国,2004年5月1日成為歐盟會員國,在2007年12月21日成為申根公約會員國。

[编辑] 政治

主条目:馬爾他政治

1964年7月21日颁布的独立宪法规定,马耳他为君主立宪制政体,英国女王为马耳他国家元首。1974年12月13日修改宪法,马耳他成为共和国,总统为国家元首,由议会选举产生,任期五年。议会为一院制,称众议院。

[编辑] 地理

馬耳他地圖
馬耳他地圖
首都瓦萊塔的鳥瞰圖
首都瓦萊塔的鳥瞰圖
首都瓦萊塔(2004年)
首都瓦萊塔(2004年)

马耳他位于地中海中部,面积316平方公里,北距西西里岛93公里。全国由马耳他岛戈佐(Gozo)、科米诺(Comino)、科米诺托和菲尔夫拉岛五个小岛组成,其中只有马耳他岛、戈佐、科米诺三岛有人居住。面积最大的马耳他岛,约245平方公里。

[编辑] 氣候

马耳他岛地势西高东低,以丘陵为主,缺乏淡水。马耳他属亚热带地中海式气候,冬季多雨,夏季高溫乾燥。

月份 全年 一月 二月 三月 四月 五月 六月 七月 八月 九月 十月 十一月 十二月
平均氣溫 °C (°F) 18 (66) 12 (54) 12 (54) 13 (56) 15 (60) 18 (66) 22 (73) 26 (79) 26 (79) 24 (76) 21 (70) 16 (62) 13 (57)
平均最高氣溫 °C (°F) 21 (71) 15 (59) 15 (59) 16 (61) 18 (65) 22 (72) 27 (80) 30 (86) 30 (86) 28 (82) 24 (75) 19 (67) 16 (61)
平均最低氣溫 °C (°F) 15 (60) 9 (49) 9 (49) 10 (51) 12 (54) 15 (59) 19 (66) 22 (71) 22 (72) 20 (69) 18 (64) 14 (57) 11 (52)
來源: Weatherbase

[编辑] 经济

主条目:馬爾他經濟

马耳他自然资源贫乏,矿产资源仅有石灰岩,又因为土层浅薄,缺乏灌溉水源,马耳他农业不发达,农副产品尚不能自给,粮食肉禽等主要依赖进口。马耳他经济依靠加工制造业(主要是电子、纺织)、旅游业、国际贸易。馬耳他在2004年5月1日成為歐盟成員之一,共於2008年歐元為貨幣。

[编辑] 人口

主条目:馬爾他人口

马尔他是世界上人口最稠密的国家之一,每平方千米约1250人。主要是马耳他人,占总人口的九成,其余为阿拉伯人意大利人英国人等。官方语言为马耳他语英语,通用意大利语天主教为国教,少数人信奉基督教新教和希腊东正教。

[编辑] 文化

主条目:馬爾他文化

The culture of Malta is a reflection of various cultures that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.

[编辑] 美食

主条目:馬耳他菜

Maltese cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Islanders and the many foreigners who made Malta their home over the centuries. This marriage of tastes has given Malta an eclectic mix of Mediterranean cooking. While many dishes are native to the island, some popular Maltese recipes are Sicilian-Southern Italian or Middle Eastern in origin. Celebrated examples include ftira biż-żejt, ġbejniet and pastizzi.

[编辑] 媒體廣播

The presence of the institutionschurch, political parties, unions - in the print media is not as large as their presence in the broadcasting media; moreover they are absent from the ownership of the newspapers published in English. Unions are not represented in the broadcasting media, but in the print media; and only the General Workers Union owns a newspaper, the UHM, the second biggest union, has no newspaper, tv or radio stations. [1]

Image:Public Broadcasting Authority Emblem (Malta).jpg
Public Broadcasting Authority Emblem

There are 4 major nationwide television channels in Malta: TVM, One Television, NET Television and Smash Television - currently transmitted by analogue terrestrial, free-to-air signals. The state and political parties subsidies most of the fundings of these television stations. The Public Broadcasting Services is the state owned station and is a member of the EBU. Media Link Communications Ltd and One Productions Ltd are affiliated with the Nationalist Party and Malta Labour Party respectively. Smash Communications Ltd is privately owned. The Broadcasting Authority supervises all local broadcasting stations and ensures their compliance with legal and licence obligations as well as the preservation of due impartiality; in respect of matters of political or industrial controversy or relating to current public policy; while fairly apportioning broadcasting facilities and time between persons belong to different political parties. The Broadcasting Authority ensures that local broadcasting services consist of public, private and community broadcasts that offer varied and comprehensive programming to cater for all interests and tastes.

The only commercial TV station attracts an audience of 2%. Cable, terrestrial and satellite reception are all available, though the cable service is the most diffused. Cable subscriptions reached almost 124,000 in February 2006 reaching about 80% of Maltese households

[编辑] 印刷

The most widely read and financially the strongest newspapers are published by Allied Newspapers Ltd., mainly the The Times (27%) and The Sunday Times (51.6%). Due to bilingualism half of the newspapers are published in English and the other half in Maltese. The Sunday newspaper It-Torċa (The Torch) published by the Union Press, a subsidiary of the GWU, is the paper with the biggest circulation in the Maltese language. Its sister paper, L-Oriżżont, is the Maltese daily with biggest circulation. Newspapers are definitively losing out to radio and television (and radio is losing to television) as preferred source of news. There is a high number of daily or weekly newspapers, there is one paper for every 28,000 people. Advertising, sales and subsidies are the three main methods of financing newspapers and magazines. However, most of the papers and magazines tied to institutions are subsidised by the same institutions, they depend on advertising or subsidies from their owners. [2]

[编辑] 音樂

主条目:馬耳他音樂

While Maltese music today is largely western, traditional Maltese music includes what is known as għana. This consists of background folk guitar music, while a few people, as a general rule men only, take it in turns to argue a point in a singsong voice. The aim of the lyrics, which are improvised, are to create a friendly yet challenging atmosphere, and it takes a number of years of practice to be able to combine the required artistic qualities with the ability to debate effectively.

[编辑] 特別活動

In the last decade the aviation sport of Microlight Flying has been introduced on the island by the Island Microlight Club[1]In under ten years there are a total number of twenty two microlight aircraft that operate out of the Malta International Airport.

[编辑] 外部連結



意大利 意大利
地中海
突尼西亞 突尼西亞 地中海 北 地中海
西   馬爾他 马耳他    東
南
地中海
利比亚 利比亞
 
英联邦
英联邦會旗
安提瓜和巴布达 | 澳大利亚 | 巴哈马 | 孟加拉 | 巴巴多斯 | 伯利兹 | 波札那 | 文莱 | 喀麦隆 | 加拿大 | 塞浦路斯 | 多米尼克 | 斐濟 | 冈比亚 | 加纳 | 格林纳达 | 圭亚那 | 印度 | 牙买加 | 肯尼亚 | 基里巴斯 | 莱索托 | 马拉维 | 马来西亚 | 马尔代夫 | 马耳他 | 毛里求斯 | 莫桑比克 | 纳米比亚 | 瑙魯 | 新西蘭 | 奈及利亞 | 巴布亚新几内亚 | 聖克里斯多福與尼維斯 | 圣卢西亚 | 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯 | 萨摩亚 | 塞舌尔 | 塞拉利昂 | 新加坡 | 所罗门群岛 | 南非 | 斯里蘭卡 | 斯威士兰 | 坦桑尼亚 | 湯加 | 特立尼達和多巴哥 | 圖瓦盧 | 乌干达 | 英国 | 瓦努阿图 | 赞比亚

个人工具
其他语言