马
| 本条目需要补充更多来源。(2009年8月8日) |
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馬 |
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驯养
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| Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 |
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约48个[1]
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家马(学名:Equus ferus caballus),馬,界:有蹄類哺乳動物,科:馬科動物。從一個多趾小生物發展成今天的馬,過程約5455萬多年。人類開始馴養馬時約西元前 4000 年左右,馬匹被認為普遍馴化已經在西元前 3000 年。馬能站著睡覺,能夠使用飛快的速度來逃避天敵以及牠們有發達的平衡力和戰鬥力都是基於牠們的特殊骨骼。雌馬,叫母馬通常帶着1-11個月大的幼馬。幼馬,叫駒,出生之後便能站立並慢跑。大部份被馴化的馬於2歲至4歲之間便開始接受上挽具和的基本下鞍訓練。當他們5歲時就到達成人階段。牠們的平均壽命約25 至 30 歲之間。 基於一般的性情,馬的品種大致可以分為三個類別:"温血","冷血","熱血"。有 300 多個品種的馬在今天的世界中開發了許多不同的用途。馬和人在各種體育比賽和非競爭性的娛樂活動方面進行互動,以及在警員,農業,娛樂和治療等從事工作。看歷史上的戰爭,大大小小的戰役都使用了馬,因而古時的馬有很祟高的地位。許多產品都來源於馬,包括肉類,牛奶,皮革,頭髮,骨和藥品。人類為馴化的馬匹提供食物,水和住所以及獸醫和裁鋼等專家的關護。
目录 |
特征 [编辑]
马耳小而直立,面部长;额、颈上有长鬃,尾有長毛,四肢强健,内侧有附蝉,第三趾最发达,趾端有馬蹄,其余各趾退化;毛色复杂,有骝、栗、青、黑等。
演化 [编辑]
馬的化石非常豐富,所以馬的進化過程也被研究得非常詳細。馬的進化常常被用來作為進化的例子。
最早的馬叫始祖馬,出現於五千六百萬年前的北美洲,時值始新世。始祖馬個頭只有狗那麼大,弓著背,四肢長著多個趾頭(前腳三隻趾頭,後腳四個)。由始祖馬分化出了林林總總的眾多支系。有的支系越來越大,越來越擅長奔跑,也有的支系向著小型化發展。到中新世的時候以三趾馬為代表的馬類動物成了一類十分繁盛的動物群,是地層古生物中常見的化石動物,常常作為地質年代斷定的重要依據。
現代馬的最直接祖先是出現於一千二百萬年前晚中新世的恐馬,而現代馬則在四百萬年前的上新世出現。北美洲一直是馬和馬類動物起源和演化中心。馬從這裡起源並向四周輻射。馬通過冰川時期形成的白令陸橋擴散到歐亞大陸,在上新世進入非洲,成為非洲大陸動物群的重要一員。馬也通過中美地峽向南美洲擴撒。最晚到大約兩萬年前,馬在北美洲徹底滅絕,南美的馬滅絕得更早。原因現在仍是謎。有人認為跟美洲印第安人過度捕獵有關。從此,在近五千六百多万年的時間裡作為馬的老巢的北美洲第一次沒有了馬的存在,一直到公元十六世紀西班牙人再一次把馬帶回了美洲。Discovery製作的一期關於馬的節目裡說道「當印第安人第一次見到西班牙人帶來的馬的時候,感覺像是見到了久別重逢的老朋友」。
現代飼養的馬是由歐洲野馬馴化而來的。野生的馬已經滅絕。現存的普氏野馬不是家馬的祖先。馬的進化歷程充滿了艱難險阻。馬科動物曾經是如此繁盛,前後進化出幾十個屬,到最後卻只有一個屬六七種殘存至今。馬的興衰歷程實際上是奇蹄動物的興衰歷程,奇蹄動物在現代普遍呈衰落的趨勢。
用途 [编辑]
马主要作为役使家畜,用于骑乘、挽车和载重,在战争、交通與勞動中运用。在历史上起到非常重要的作用。直到工业革命蒸汽机出现以前,一直是主要的拉车动力,以至后来“马力”成了衡量机器功率的单位。在山区无法行车的路上,马至今仍是主要的运载工具。
在战争中最早也是拉战车,由游牧民族首先发明骑乘,中原民族直到战国时期赵武灵王胡服骑射才开始出现骑兵,古希腊與古罗马都有骑兵。马鞍也是游牧民族发明的,后来经过不断的改进;马镫是中国人在汉朝发明的,一开始只是一个,为便于上马,后来发展为一边一个,波斯人称为“中国鞋”,后来才传到欧洲。直到進入20世纪之後,由于各种战车、直升机的出现和普及,骑兵才开始退出战争。目前骑乘多用于体育竞赛,有的大城市巡警也还用马。
马也可以作为乳用和肉用,伊斯兰教律法禁止食用马肉(回族、阿拉伯人與波斯人,但突厥人不禁止),公元732年教皇格列高利三世下令禁止基督教徒食用马肉,但后来作用不大,现在法国人、意大利人都食用马肉,日本人认为马肉是营养丰富的肉食。在二战期间,美国允许肉店供应马肉以弥补牛肉供应不足,但二战结束后,在美國西部牧场主的压力下,又禁止供应马肉。马乳一直是游牧民族的食品,尤其适合酿造“马奶酒”。
随着马的使用功能淡化,20世纪后半期,许多国家培育出各种小马,作为宠物或導盲用途。现在经过几千年人的培育,马的种类繁多,从高达2米到只有0.56米,体形各异。
词汇 [编辑]
馬的辭彙:
- 儿马,公马
- 骒,母马
- 驹,小马
- 骟,去势丧失生育能力的马
- 骠,黄色的马
- 骝,黑鬃黑尾的红色马
- 駰,浅黑带白色的马
- 骅,枣红色的马
- 骊,黑色的马
- 騧,黑嘴的黄色马
- 骐,青黑色的马
- 骓,黑色白蹄的马
- 骢,青白相间,类似兰色的马
- 龙,高大的马
- 驽,跑不快的马,劣马
- 骧,后右蹄白色的马
- 騂,赤色的马和牛,亦泛指赤色
文化 [编辑]
生肖 [编辑]
姓氏 [编辑]
马姓是常见的中文姓氏之一。除了汉族以外,其他民族也有不少马姓人士。马姓是回族的大姓之一,是由穆罕默德姓漢化而來(也有人认为是由法蒂玛转化而来),云南回族几乎清一色姓马。
畫馬藝術 [编辑]
馬一直以來是一種高貴優美的動物,代表著力與美的表現,在古今中外人的心目中不單是擔任騎乘或負重的工作,牠們往往是上流社會身分地位的象徵,中國人認為馬是行走在地上的龍,阿拉伯人以馬為真主的恩賜,值得人的崇拜與愛護。畫馬藝術更是歷久不衰,屹立不搖。中國從唐代開始畫馬名家輩出,如:曹霸、韓幹、韋晏、陳閎,宋代有李公麟(李龍眠),元代有趙孟頫,清代有郎世寧,20世紀有徐悲鴻,他們都以不同方式畫馬而各具特色。
商标或标志 [编辑]
傳說中的名馬 [编辑]
參見 [编辑]
參考資料 [编辑]
- ^ (英文)Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (Ed.). (2005). Equus caballus caballus.Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. 2009年8月8日查阅.
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外部連結 [编辑]
| 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:马 |
| 十二生肖 |
|---|
| 鼠 | 牛 | 虎 | 兔 | 龙 | 蛇 | 马 | 羊 | 猴 | 鸡 | 狗 | 猪 |