马兜铃属
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马兜铃属 |
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Aristolochia baetica
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马兜铃属(学名:Aristolochia)是马兜铃科下的一种草质或木质藤本稀亚灌木或小乔木,常具有块状根,[2]一花左右对称,腋生、单生或成束或排成短的总状花序;花被管状、弯曲,上部成一舌片或3浅裂;一般有6个雄蕊环绕花柱排列,且与花柱结合;子房下位有6个室;果实是蒴果。[3]马兜铃属约有500种,主要分布于热带和温带地区。其中囊花马兜铃等物种存在灭绝危险。马兜铃属植物中含有因物种、植物部位、植物生长的地理位置而含量不同的马兜铃酸、马兜铃内酰胺(aristololactams)、马兜铃喹啉(aristoquinolines)、马兜铃精(aristogins)以及数量不等的倍半萜类等化学物质。[4]中医认为马兜铃属下的马兜铃(A. debilis)、北马兜铃(A. contorta)、木通马兜铃(A. manshuriensis)以及防己马兜铃(A. fangchi)等皆可入药,药用的不同植物部分有着不同的中文名称:[5]
| 种 | 入药植物器官 | 中文名称 |
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| 马兜铃 | 根 | 青木香 |
| 马兜铃 | 叶 | 天仙藤 |
| 马兜铃 | 果实 | 马兜铃 |
| 北马兜铃 | 叶 | 天仙藤 |
| 北马兜铃 | 果实 | 马兜铃 |
| 木通马兜铃 | 茎 | 关木通 |
| 防己马兜铃 | 根 | 广防己 |
有研究认为上述中草药中所含马兜铃酸具有消炎抗菌作用,并具有一定抗癌活性,但同时具有肾毒性,[6]由服用这类草药导致的疾病在早期被称为“中草药肾病”(Chinese herbs nephropathy,CHN),后来改称“马兜铃酸肾病”(aristolochic acid nephropathy,AAN)。[7]另有研究表明,马兜铃酸经人体代谢将成为一种具有遗传毒性的突变原,并可引发癌症。[8]美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)在2001年向美国市民发出有关警报。[9]欧洲各国及美国已颁布禁令,禁止进口及出售含有马兜铃酸的草药。[10]
参考文献 [编辑]
- ^ Genus: Aristolochia L.. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-01-30 [2011-01-08].
- ^ 《中国植物志》第24卷:马兜铃属(Aristolochia L.). 中国植物物种信息数据库(DCP).
- ^ 中国种子植物科属词典. 中国数字植物标本馆.
- ^ Shi LS, Kuo PC, Tsai YL, Damu AG, Wu TS. The alkaloids and other constituents from the root and stem of Aristolochia elegans.. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004.Jan.Jan, 12 (2): 439–446. PMID 14723962 (英文).
- ^ 中华人民共和国卫生部. 中华人民共和国药典(第一部). 北京: 化学工业出版社. 2000: 31, 39, 41, 114, 154.
- ^ C.P. Khare (编). Indian Herbal Remedies: Rational Western Therapy, Ayurvedic and Other Traditional Usage, Botany 1. Springer. 2004.Jan.Jan. ISBN 978-3540010265.
- ^ Cosyns JP. Aristolochic acid and 'Chinese herbs nephropathy': a review of the evidence to date.. Drug Saf. 2003, 26 (1): 33–48. doi:10.2165/00002018-200326010-00004. PMID 12495362 (英文).
- ^ Arlt VM, Stiborova M, Schmeiser HH. Aristolochic acid as a probable human cancer hazard in herbal remedies: a review. Mutagenesis. 2002, 17 (4): 265–277. doi:10.1093/mutage/17.4.265 (英文).
- ^ Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid. 2001.Apr.Apr.
- ^ U.S. Adds 8 Chemicals -- Some Common -- to Carcinogen List: New Carcinogens. Cancer Health Center.
- American Cancer Society (ACS (2006): Known and Probable Carcinogens (Including Industrial Processes, Occupational Exposures, Infectious Agents, Chemicals, and Radiation). Version of 02/03/2006. Retrieved 2007-NOV-12.
- Depierreux, M; Van Damme, B; Vanden Houte K; & Vanherweghem, JL. Pathologic aspects of a newly described nephropathy related to the prolonged use of Chinese herbs. American Journal of Kidney Disease. 1994.August, 24 (2): 172–180. PMID 8048421.
- Grollman, Arthur P.; Shibutani, Shinya; Moriya, Masaaki; Miller, Frederick; Wu, Lin; Moll, Ute; Suzuki, Naomi; Fernandes, Andrea; Rosenquist, Thomas; Medverec, Zvonimir; Jakovina, Krunoslav; Brdar, Branko; Slade, Neda; Turesky; Robert J.; Goodenough, Angela K.; Rieger, Robert; Vukelić, Mato & Jelaković, Bojan (2007): Aristolochic acid and the etiology of endemic (Balkan) nephropathy. PNAS 104(20): 12129-12134. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701248104 PMID 17620607 PDf fulltext Supporting information
- Heinrich, M., J. Chan, S. Wanke, Ch. Neinhuis and M.S.S. Simmonds 2009 Local Uses of Aristolochia species and content of Aristolochic Acid 1 and 2 – a global assessment based on bibliographic sources. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 125: 108 – 144.
- Stiborova, M; Frei, E; Breuer, A;, Bieler, CA & Schmeiser, HH. Aristolactam I a metabolite of aristolochic acid I upon activation forms an adduct found in DNA of patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. Experimental Toxicological Pathology. 1999.July, 51 (4-5): 421–427.
- Vandaveer, Chelsie (2002): How did the shape of a flower cause the death of women?. Version of 2002-JAN-10. Retrieved 2007-NOV-12.
- Vanherweghem, JL; Depierreux, M; Tielemans, C; Abramowicz, D; Dratwa, M; Jadoul, M; Richard, C; Vandervelde, D; Verbeelen D, & Vanhaelen-Fastre, R. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs. The Lancet. 1993-02-13, 341 (8842): 387–391. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)92984-2. PMID 8094166.