He 177轟炸機
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| 類型 | 重型轟炸機 |
| 生產公司 | 亨克爾飛機製造廠 |
| 首次飛行 | 1939年11月 |
| 服役 | 1942年 |
| 退役 | 1945年 |
| 主要用戶 | 德國空軍 |
| 生產數量 | 約1,184架 |
| 衍生機型 | 亨克爾Heinkel He 274 亨克爾Heinkel He 277 |
亨克爾He 177(鷹獅式)(Heinkel He 177,英語:Griffin、德語:Greif)是德國空軍的長程轟炸機。這機種是納粹德國在二次大戰時期中惟一大量生產的重型轟炸機。由於這機種在早期型號引擎容易起火,所以空勤人員將它起綽號稱為「Luftwaffenfeuerzeug」(德國空軍的打火機,Luftwaffe's lighter)或「燃燒的棺材」(Flaming Coffin)。
目录 |
[编辑] 設計
He 177 的構想是源於帝國航空部要求一種名為Bomber A的重轟炸機規格計畫書,這項計畫書是在1936年完成,預定設計一種新式轟炸機,需比多尼爾Do 19或容克斯Ju 89這兩款烏拉山轟炸機原型機更加先進,在載彈量不少於1,000公斤的狀況下飛行航程要達到6695公里,飛行半徑要超過2900公里,搭載2000公斤炸彈則要超過1600公里的作戰半徑,除此之外該機種的最高飛行速度必須達至約540公里/小時,機體強度足以執行中角度60度的俯衝攻擊。這種規格以現在的觀點來說是極為不合理,對1936年的航空科技而言也是不可能的任務,為了達成這個目標,He177使用了出許多先進的技術包括一對表面蒸發冷卻的引擎及遙控防禦機槍砲座。
[编辑] 引擎
He 177需要一款可以提供2,000 PS (1,973 hp, 1,471 kW)發動機來符合它的性能需求·為了克服問題又不需使用4具較小的發動機與伴隨而來的阻力和機動力低落的結果,Gunter設計師隨即決定使用兩具併聯式Daimler-Benz DB 606作為推進裝置·該發動機是由一對DB 601發動機組成擁有各自液冷式12汽缸倒V型直列式發動機,首次引進於破記錄的He 119戰鬥機上面· He 177將其安裝於單邊機翼的發動機殼內用於驅動單一螺旋槳· 2具發動機在發動機殼內藉由內傾斜30°角於曲轴箱垂直軸線方式併排在一起,內部汽缸幾乎以呈垂直方式排列,a single gear casing connecting the front ends of the two crankcases, with the two crankshaft pinions driving a single airscrew shaft gear,[1] with the starboard engine comprising each DB 606 "power system" needing to have a mirror-image version of its centrifugal supercharger fitted, drawing air from the starboard side of the engine, opposite to the usual portside supercharger intake location of other Daimer-Benz inverted V12 powerplants.
這型發動機配置的原因在於帝國航空部與空軍最高司令部(OKL)認定 He 177將是一款優異的俯衝轟炸機·只使用2具螺旋槳的重轟炸機具有許多卓越的優點,例如大幅減少飛行時的阻力,增加俯衝時的穩定性,明顯的改善飛控能力· 的確, He 177的初期原型機與預產機型採用2具DB 606發動機,此型發動機在起飛後輸出2,600 PS (2,564 hp, 1,912 kW),故在空速與操控性方面;He 177與當時重型戰機相較毫不遜色·
[编辑] 武裝系統
He 177最原始規劃機槍操作系統是以駕駛艙控制的遙控機槍塔,主要概念是由Ju 288轟炸機移過來的 [2],並在機尾區域加裝一座人力操作機槍塔· 與人力操作機槍座相較之下,遙控機槍塔雖然技術複雜但在重量或大小與空氣阻力方面都縮減很多·此外,為了保護砲手故可安置於安全的區域,並可避免開火時的火光會影響射擊視野·在1930年代後期,雖然遙控機槍塔研發行程有大幅進展,但與He 177研發行程相較還是有落後之虞;這促使He 177只能改用較為老舊的人力操作機槍塔,鷹獅轟炸機所採用的單挺後衛型13 mm MG 131機槍就是一律採用人力操作的,不過這樣配置必須要將多處機身結構再予以強化· 後期的大規模量產機型在機背有安裝一座前衛式遙控型FDL 131Z雙MG 131機槍塔,就位於機身與機翼前緣銜接翼根弦的正上方,with its rotating hemispherical sighting station's dome located slightly offset to starboard, just behind the forward cabin area.
在機尾區域安裝單挺MG 131機槍緊緻型機槍塔,但要求緊緻的空間內還要安置一名機槍操作手這無疑限制了舒適性,so a revised tail gun position with a bulged upper glazing design which permitted the gunner to sit with their upper body upright, requiring a reduction of the lower end of the 舵 surface for clearance, 從He 177 A-3與後續型都需適合,初期是安裝MG 131機槍但後期則替換為20 mm MG 151機砲·
在機鼻駕駛艙的右上方安裝單挺7.92 mm MG 81機槍,可以防禦從正前方開火的敵機· 在機鼻下方於機腹吊艙的後方區域安裝砲塔,which was the full width of the fuselage where it emerged from under the nose, and centered under the forward cabin, usually had a flexibly-mounted 20 mm MG FF機砲 at the front end, and a flexibly-mounted MG 81機槍 in the rear for the initial A-1 version.
在後期生產型號中,用MG 151機砲替換前衛型MG FF 機砲,並用單挺MG 131替換後衛型MG 81機槍·
[编辑] 機種
- He 177 V1 to V8
- 總計生產8架原型機·He 177 V4與隨後的機型皆採用DB 606 A/B發動機·
- He 177 A-0
- 預產機型,只有量產35架·
- He 177 A-1
- 首型量產機,總計生產130架· 武裝系統:在機鼻的1挺MG 81機槍與在機腹吊艙區域安裝1挺前衛型MG FF機砲,在機背區域安裝一座MG 131機槍塔(後來變成雙聯裝),機尾區域安裝1挺M後衛型G 131機槍·
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- He 177 A-1/R1
- 武裝系統:在機腹吊艙後方加裝雙連裝的MG 81·
- He 177 A-1/R2
- 武裝系統:在機腹吊艙光學瞄準器後方安裝一座遙控型MG 131機槍塔·
- He 177 A-1/R4
- 武裝系統:在機腹吊艙追加1挺後衛型MG 131,在機背區域安裝一座人力操控的MG 131機槍塔·
- He 177 A-1/U2
- 重型驅逐機型,並在機鼻下方的吊艙安裝雙30 mm MK 101機砲,總計修改12架·
- He 177 A-2
- 提議安裝4人座气密型駕駛艙,並將武裝系統減少為6挺MG 81機槍與1挺MG 131機槍,但未付諸量產·
- He 177 A-3
- 第二型量產機,第16架量產積與後續的生產機型採用DB 610 A/B發動機·只有量產170架·
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- He 177 A-3/R1
- 採用DB 606 A/B發動機,只有量產15架·
- He 177 A-3/R2
- 改良電子系統· 武裝系統:安裝在機腹吊艙的MG FF 機砲被更換為 MG 151機砲· 重新設計並放大機舵,並將後衛MG 131機槍更換成MG 151機砲·
- He 177 A-3/R3
- 反艦機型,武裝系統:掛載亨舍爾 Hs 293型反艦飛彈.
- He 177 A-3/R4
- 將機腹吊艙加長1.2 m (3 ft 11 in)以增加空間安裝FuG 203b Kehl III 型電子訊號發射機·
- He 177 A-3/R5
- 計畫機型(Stalingradtyp版本),武裝系統: 在機腹吊艙區域安裝以7.5 cm PaK 40為基礎改裝出來的75 mm Bordkanone BK 7,5大砲,或安裝以KwK 39為基礎改裝出來的BK 5大砲(A-3/Rüstsatz 5武裝套件),但未付諸量產·
- He 177 A-3/R7
- 魚雷轟炸機型,主要是由 He 177 A-5修改而來,只有量產3架·
- He 177 A-4
- 提議安裝气密型駕駛艙,最後發展為亨克爾 He 274轟炸機,但未付諸量產·
- He 177 A-5
- 主要生產機型,將機翼給強化並將機翼起落架縮短,增加最大炸彈掛載量,只有量產826架·
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- He 177 A-5/R1
- 可選擇掛載Fritz X和Hs 293等導引炸彈,裝備凱爾電子訊號發射機·
- He 177 A-5/R2
- 在機鼻區域安裝一挺MG 81,並分別在機腹吊艙安裝一挺向前開火的MG 151 機砲和向後開火的雙連裝MG 81機槍,並在機背區域安裝一座遙控型FDL 131Z雙MG 131機槍塔,在機背區域安裝一座人力操控的MG 131機槍塔,機尾區域安裝1挺M後衛型MG 151機砲·
- He 177 A-5/R4
- 將機腹派龍架給予簡化,裝備凱爾電子訊號發射機·
- He 177 A-5/R5
- 測試機型,在炸彈艙的後方安裝一座遙控型FDL 131Z雙MG 131機槍塔,只有量產1架·
- He 177 A-5/R6
- 更換前側炸彈艙並放大中央炸彈艙與全機身型的燃料箱·
- He 177 A-5/R7
- 安裝气密型駕駛艙,使其爬升高度可達15,200 m (49,869 ft) 並減弱武裝系統使其類似於He 177 A-2配置.
- He 177 A-5/R8
- 武裝型FDL遙控機槍塔· 由於砲塔性能問題故予以廢棄,總計生產1架·
- He 177 A-5 Grosszerstörer
- 以He 177 A-5為藍圖的反轟炸機型,武裝系統:將炸彈艙與副油箱給予取消,卻將33枚自旋转稳定21 cm口徑火箭裝備於機身上,與基礎構型相同21 cm Nebelwerfer 42彈幕火箭系統·Five examples delivered in January 1944 for operational trials. Abandoned due to increasing numbers of Allied escort fighters.
- He 177 A-6
- Meant to be a "32 metric-ton" loaded-weight long-range bomber, as a planned improvement over the A-5 version, the A-6 dispensed with the rear manned dorsal turret, and retained the A-5/R2's single MG 151 flexible cannon at the front of the Bola, the MG 81 in the nose glazing, along with the FDL 131Z remote forward dorsal turret, and standardized the rear armament with the planned Hecklafette manned HL 131V quadmount MG 131 machine gun turret for the first time. Not produced, due to building volume of design work on the He 177B-series four-engined aircraft.[3]
- He 177 A-6/R1
- Replacement of the forward and central bomb bays with full-fuselage-depth fuel tanks (as on the A-5/Rüstsätz 6 modification) and the addition of external bomb rack under the new fuel tank bays, capable of carrying a single 2,500 kg (5,511 lb) bomb or Fritz X/Hs 293 in addition to the rear bomb-bay loadout. Range of 5,800 km (3,604 mi), only six test conversions built, from A-5 versions.
- He 177 A-6/R2
- Equipped with a redesigned fuselage nose of improved aerodynamic form, generally the same as intended for He 177A-7 and all He 177B development versions. Retained the FDL 131 remotely controlled forward dorsal turret, a single MG 131 in a rear ventral position, a pair of MG 151 cannon in a remotely controlled FDL 151Z "chin" turret (to be standardized on the B-version), and a manned HL 131V MG 131 "quadmount" tail turret. Similar bombload and range to He 177 A-6/R1, only one test conversion built, as the He 177 V15, of which no photos are known to survive.
- He 177 A-7
- 將翼展延展為36 m (118 ft 1⅓ in)的高高度型轟炸機並安裝DB 610 A/B 發動機來替代3,800 PS (3,748 hp, 2,795 kW) DB 613發動機·為進行機翼測試,有6架飛機從He 177 A-5機身修改而來但從未安裝He 177 B系列的先進駕駛艙·一架被美軍所捕獲,scrapped postwar and believed buried under the grounds of 芝加哥的歐海爾國際機場·
- He 177 A-8
- First proposed He 177 design to feature four individual engines, using the A-3 or A-5 fuselage with a new wing design, and either Daimler-Benz DB 603 or Junkers Jumo 213 engines with Heinkel He 219 style annular radiators. Remained a paper project only, before re-designation as the "He 177B-5" by August 1943.[4]
- He 177 A-10
- 建議的He 177設計案, similar to the He 177 A-8, but based instead on the He 177 A-7 definitive production fuselage, with manned rear dorsal gun turret omitted, and re-designated as the "He 177 B-7" in August 1943.[4]
- He 177 B
- Developed as the direct, "separate four engined" development of the "coupled engine" powered He 177A-series, four prototypes ordered (He 177 V101 to V104) with three built and flown under DB 603 power. Originally postulated in postwar aviation books to have been a "cover designation" for the never-produced, paper-only He 277.
- He 177 H
- Initial project designation for the Heinkel He 274.
- Special variants
- He 177 V38
- An A-5 used as testbed for an enlarged bombbay to be used in the Junkers Ju 287. A common myth claims V38 was the prototype for a german atomic bomber.
[编辑] Production
| Version | EHF [5] | HWO [6] | ArB [7] | Total | Production period |
| Prototypes | 8 | 8 | |||
| He 177 A-0 | 15 | 15 | 5 | 35 | |
| He 177 A-1 | 88 | 42 | 130 | January 1942 - January 1943 | |
| He 177 A-3 | 217 | 398 | 615 | November 1942 - June 1944 | |
| He 177 A-5 | 71 | 278 | 349 | December 1943 - August 1944 | |
| Total | 23 | 391 | 723 | 1,137 |
Note - One A-0, one A-3, and two A-5 rebuilt as He 177B prototypes from before December 1943 to July 1944. Source: Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv Freiburg
[编辑] 性能 (He 177 A-5/R2)=
资料来源:[來源請求]
基本諸元
- 乘員: 6
- 長度: 22米()
- 翼展: 31.44米(103呎1¾吋)
- 高度: 6.40米(20呎11¾吋)
- 翼面積: 101.99 m²(1,097.918 ft²)
- 空重: 16,800公斤(37,038磅)
- 載重: 27,200公斤(59,966磅)
- 最大起飛重量: 31,000公斤(68,343磅)
- 發動機: 2×Daimler-Benz DB 610 24-cylinder liquid-cooled inline piston engines,每個 2,900 PS(2,133 kW)
性能
- 最高速度: 565 km/h (351 mph) at 6,000 (19,685 ft)
- 失速速度: 135 km/h(84 mph)
- 戰鬥半徑: 1,540 km(957 mi)
- 转场距離: 5,600 km(3,480 mi)
- 實用升限: 9,400 m(30,840 ft)
- 爬升率: 190 m/min(623 ft/min)
- 翼負荷: 303.9 kg/m²(62.247 lb/ft²)
武器
- 機砲: **1 × 7.92 mm MG 81 machine gun in nose
- 1 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon in forward ventral gondola position
- 2 × 7.92 mm MG 81 machine guns in rear ventral gondola position
- 2 × 13 mm MG 131 machine guns in FDL 131Z remotely-operated forward dorsal turret, full 360º traverse
- 1 × 13 mm MG 131 machine gun in manned aft dorsal turret
- 1 × 20 mm MG 151 cannon in tail position
- 炸彈: Up to 6,000 kg (13,227 lb) of disposable stores internally or 7,200 kg (15,873 lb) externally or up to 3 Fritz X or Henschel Hs 293 radio-guided munitions
- 48 × 50 kg (110 lb) bombs (2,400 kg/5,291 lb total)
- 1 × 2,500 kg (5,511 lb) bomb (2,500 kg/5,511 lb total)
- 12 × 250 kg (551 lb) bombs (3,000 kg/6,613 lb total)
- 6 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) bombs (3,000 kg/6,613 lb total)
- 2 × 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) bombs (3,600 kg/7,936 lb total)
- 2 × 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) bombs + 2 × LMA III mines (4,600 kg/10,141 lb total)
- 10 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) bombs (5,000 kg/11,023 lb total)
- 2 × 1,000 kg (2,204 lb) bombs + 2 × 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) bombs (5,600 kg/12,345 lb total)
- 6 × 1,000 kg (2,204 lb) bombs (6,000 kg/13,227 lb total)
- 2 × FX 1400 Fritz X + 1 × FX 1400 Fritz X under the wings and fuselage
- 2 × Hs 293 or 294 + 1 × Hs 293 or 294 under the wings and fuselage
- 82 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) bombs internally + 2 × Hs 293 under the wings
- 2* × LT 50 torpedoes under the wing
[编辑] 參見
相關連結
後續機種
- Heinkel He 274
- Heinkel He 277 - 未完成開發became Heinkel's Amerika Bomber design entry
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