User:Spaghet-Ti/工作室/教堂山 (北卡罗来纳州)

维基百科，自由的百科全书
北卡罗来纳州教堂山
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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教堂山市中心，富兰克林大街
（Franklin Street）
格言："The Southern Part of Heaven"
国家  美國
省/州/邦 北卡罗来纳州
县 奥兰治县、达勒姆 [1]
海拔 486 ft（148 m）
坐标 35°56′N 79°2′W / 35.933°N 79.033°W / 35.933; -79.033
面积 21.3 mi²（55 km²）
人口 57,233（2010）
人口密度 2,687 /mi² (1,037 /km²)
建立 1793
市长 Mark Kleinschmidt
时区 北美东部时间 (UTC-5)
 - 夏令时 东部日光节约时间 (UTC-4)
邮政编码 27514-27517
地區代碼 919
网站：www.townofchapelhill.org

教堂山（英語：Chapel Hill）是美国北卡罗莱纳州奥兰治县（Orange County）的一座城镇。据2010年人口普查的结果，教堂山共有57,233位居民，是该州第15大城市（英语：List of municipalities in North Carolina）。美国史上第一所公立大学北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校就位于该市。教堂山与达勒姆、州府罗利组成了北卡罗来纳州三角研究园（官方名称为“罗利、德罕、教堂山都市统计区（英语：combined statistical area）”），总人口为1,998,808人。[2]

教堂山市在1793年建成，总面积约21.3平方英里（55平方公里），中心在富兰克林街。教堂山市有几个国家史迹名录上列出的地点和建筑物。

历史[编辑]

教堂山一带是弗吉尼亚州米德尔塞克斯县的早期定居者威廉·巴比的故乡，他于1753年从第二代格兰维尔伯爵约翰·加特利获得的拨款的585英亩土地就是现在的教堂山-达勒姆地区的两笔土地拨款中的第一笔拨款。尽管威廉·巴比在不后久就去世了，但他的八个孩子之一克里斯托弗·巴比成为了刚刚起步的北卡罗来纳大学的重要贡献者。

南北战争时期约翰·威尔逊（英语：John A. Wilson (sculptor)）创作的沉默的山姆（英语：Silent Sam）雕像, 位于北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校校园内。
在富兰克林街和罗斯玛丽街之间琥珀巷的上壁画

教堂山最初是一个英国国教徒占领的一个教堂，称为“十字教堂（英语：Chapel of the Cross (Chapel Hill, North Carolina)）”（Chapel of the Cross）或“新希望教堂“（New Hope Chapel），它坐落于一个小山顶上，建于1752年。现在的卡罗来纳旅馆（英语：Carolina Inn）是原教堂的所在地。1819年，该城成立，原本是为了北卡罗来纳大学而建，并计划在其周围发展。1851年，该镇被特许经营，它的主要街道富兰克林街（Franklin Street）以本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）命名。[3][4]

1968年，教堂山成为美国南方第一个选出非裔美国人市长的主要白人市镇，其市长为霍华德·李（英语：Howard Nathaniel Lee）[5]李从1969年至1975年都一直在帮助该城，其中包括帮助建立公共汽车系统（英语：Chapel Hill Transit），为该城与邻近的卡尔伯罗服务。34年后的2002年，通过立法使当地公交系统免费为所有乘客提供服务，并导致乘客人数大幅增加。教堂山公共交通系统向教堂山和卡尔伯罗两城镇收税，也通过联邦拨款和UNC大学学生费资助等方式获得资金。教堂山公交系统也曾增加过几辆混合动力车辆和铰接式客车。所有的公共汽车都带有GPS发射器，可实时向跟踪网站报告他们的位置。公共汽车可以运输自行车并设有轮椅升降机。

1993年是该镇的二百周年纪念，并成立了教堂山博物馆（英语：Chapel Hill Museum）（Chapel Hill Museum）。该博物馆展示了教堂山特色和人物的文化社区资源。[6]

地理与气候[编辑]

教堂山位于奧蘭治縣东南部，北临达勒姆，西接卡勃羅。据美国人口调查局统计，该城的总面积为21.3平方英里（55.1平方公里），其中陆地面积为21.1平方英里（54.7平方公里），水面面积为0.15平方英里（0.4平方公里）。[7]

北卡罗来纳州教堂山（1981–2010年平均数据）
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °F（°C） 80
(27) 		83
(28) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		98
(37) 		104
(40) 		105
(41) 		106
(41) 		102
(39) 		97
(36) 		87
(31) 		80
(27) 		106
(41)
平均高温 °F（°C） 49.6
(9.8) 		53.7
(12.1) 		61.7
(16.5) 		71.1
(21.7) 		78.3
(25.7) 		85.7
(29.8) 		89.0
(31.7) 		87.5
(30.8) 		81.2
(27.3) 		71.6
(22.0) 		62.7
(17.1) 		52.6
(11.4) 		70.4
(21.3)
日均气温 °F（°C） 39.1
(3.9) 		42.3
(5.7) 		49.6
(9.8) 		58.6
(14.8) 		66.6
(19.2) 		74.8
(23.8) 		78.4
(25.8) 		77.1
(25.1) 		70.4
(21.3) 		59.3
(15.2) 		50.5
(10.3) 		41.9
(5.5) 		59.1
(15.1)
平均低温 °F（°C） 28.6
(−1.9) 		30.8
(−0.7) 		37.5
(3.1) 		46.1
(7.8) 		54.9
(12.7) 		64.0
(17.8) 		67.8
(19.9) 		66.7
(19.3) 		59.5
(15.3) 		47.1
(8.4) 		38.2
(3.4) 		31.1
(−0.5) 		47.7
(8.7)
历史最低温 °F（°C） −8
(−22) 		3
(−16) 		9
(−13) 		23
(−5) 		29
(−2) 		40
(4) 		48
(9) 		40
(4) 		36
(2) 		20
(−7) 		12
(−11) 		0
(−18) 		−8
(−22)
平均降水量 英寸（mm） 3.92
(100) 		3.52
(89) 		4.51
(115) 		3.27
(83) 		3.85
(98) 		4.03
(102) 		4.55
(116) 		4.47
(114) 		4.16
(106) 		3.78
(96) 		3.72
(94) 		3.53
(90) 		47.31
(1,202)
平均降雪量 英寸（cm） 1.7
(4.3) 		1.5
(3.8) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		0.2
(0.51) 		3.7
(9.4)
平均降水天数（≥ 0.01 in） 11.7 10.1 12.0 9.9 11.4 9.9 10.5 10.0 8.8 7.9 9.8 10.5 122.5
平均降雪天数（≥ 0.1 in） 1.0 1.3 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.5 3.2
数据来源：NOAA,[8] The Weather Channel (extremes)[9]

人口[编辑]

歷史人口數
調查年 人口 %±
1880年831—
1890年1,01722.4%
1900年1,0998.1%
1910年1,1494.5%
1920年1,48329.1%
1930年2,69982.0%
1940年3,65435.4%
1950年9,177151.1%
1960年12,57337.0%
1970年26,199108.4%
1980年32,42123.7%
1990年38,71919.4%
2000年48,71525.8%
2010年57,23317.5%
2016年估計59,246[10]3.5%
美国人口普查局[11]

美国美国行政管理和预算局将教堂山列为罗利-达勒姆-卡瑞统计区的一部分，在2010年人口普查人口为1,749,525。2003年6月6日，美国行政管理和预算局重新划分了联邦统计区域，拆除了数十年来的罗利-达勒姆-教堂山统计区，并将其分解为两个独立的人口统计区。现今该区域仍然是一个单一的大都市区。

根据2010年美国人口普查，教堂山拥有57233位居民，20564间住房，人口密度为每平方英里2687人（每平方千米1037人）。其中72.8%为白人，9.7%为非裔美国人，6.4%为西班牙裔或拉美裔，0.3%为每洲原住民，11.9%为亚裔，0.02%为太平洋岛民，2.7%为其他种族以及2.7％为混血。[12]

在20564户房子中，51.1%为家庭住所，26.2%的家庭中有18岁以下未成年人与他们共同生活，40.2％以夫妻共同生活为主，8.2%为独居女性，48.9%不是家庭。大约30.6%的家庭由个人组成，7.7％的人有65岁或65岁以上的独居老人。平均每间房子有2.35人，每个家庭有2.98人。[12]

教堂山18岁以下的未成年人占17.4%，18至24岁占31.5%，25至44岁占23.6%，45至64岁占18.4%，9.2%为65岁以上者。年龄中位数为25.6岁。成年男女比例为1:0.872，18岁以下未成年人的男女比例为100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.[12]

据美国人口调查局估计，从2005年至2007年，教堂山平均每户收入为51690美元，而每个家庭的平均收入为91049美元。[13]该镇男性的平均收入为50258美元，女性为32917美元；人均收入为35796美元。大约8.6%的家庭，19.8%的人口处于贫困线以下，其中18岁以下占8.6％，65岁以上占5.6％。

教堂山是北卡罗来纳州学历最高的城镇。77%的成年居民（25岁及以上）是副学士或以上，73%的成年人拥有学士学位以以上等级。[14]

政府[编辑]

参见：教堂山历任市长列表（英语：List of mayors of Chapel Hill, North Carolina）

教堂山使用议会-经理制政府。社区选出一名市长和八名理事会成员；市长任期两年，理事会成员任期四年。现任市长是曾任教育委员会委员的帕姆·亨明杰（英语：Pam Hemminger），她于2015年当选，并于2017年再次当选。[15]亨明杰在2015年的投票中战胜了该镇历史上的第一位公开同性恋市长马克·克莱因施密特（英语：Mark Kleinschmidt (politician)）。[16]

教堂山于1990年发布了市旗。据旗帜设计者斯普林·戴维斯描述，旗帜上的蓝色代表了该镇和北卡罗来纳大学（两者的代表色均为卡罗来纳蓝（英语：Carolina blue）和白色）；绿色代表“环保意识”；而倒“人字形”中的城市景观代表“家、朋友和社区的感觉”。[17]

教堂山市徽的当前版本于1989年通过。最早的版本则可以追溯到20世纪30年代，描绘了雅典娜——希腊智慧女神和城市保护者。[18]

学校系统[编辑]

The Chapel Hill-Carrboro school district covers most of the towns of Chapel Hill and Carrboro, along with portions of unincorporated Orange County, and is recognized for its academic strengths. East Chapel Hill High School, Carrboro High School, and Chapel Hill High School have all received national recognition for excellence, with Newsweek in 2008 ranking East Chapel Hill High as the 88th-best high school in the nation, and the highest-ranked standard public high school in North Carolina.[19] The small portion of Chapel Hill located in Durham County is part of Durham Public Schools.

The state's main youth orchestra, Piedmont Youth Orchestra, is based in Chapel Hill.

文化[编辑]

Even the fire trucks in Chapel Hill show support for UNC.

Though Chapel Hill is a principal city of a large metropolitan area, it retains a relatively small-town feel. Combined with its close neighbor, the Chapel Hill-Carrboro area has roughly 85,000 residents. Many large murals can be seen painted on the buildings. Most of these murals were painted by UNC alumnus Michael Brown.[20] Also, for more than 30 years, Chapel Hill has sponsored the annual street fair, Festifall, in October.[21] The fair offer booths to artists, craftsmakers, nonprofits, and food vendors. Performance space is also available for musicians, martial artists, and other groups. The fair is attended by tens of thousands each year.

The Sorrell building on Franklin Street has housed a movie theater (currently called the Varsity Theatre) since its construction in 1927.[22]

A variety of corporations are headquartered in Chapel Hill. Health insurance provider Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina was one of the town's 10 largest employers. Technology companies USAT Corp and Realtime Ops have made Chapel Hill their headquarters location. Journalistic, Inc., the publisher of the nationally acclaimed magazines Fine Books & Collections, QSR, and FSR recently relocated from Durham to Chapel Hill. New companies are selecting the town as their base of operations such as the service company Alpha Install.

The Morehead Planetarium was the first planetarium built on a U.S. college campus. When it opened in 1949, it was one of six planetariums in the nation and has remained an important town landmark.[23] During the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs, astronauts were trained there.[24] One of the town's hallmark features is the giant sundial, located in the rose gardens in front of the planetarium on Franklin Street.

Influences of the university are seen throughout the town, even in the fire departments. Each fire station in Chapel Hill has a fire engine (numbers 31, 32, 33, 34, and 35) that is Carolina blue.[3] These engines are also decorated with different UNC decals, including a firefighter Rameses.

Chapel Hill also has some new urbanist village communities, such as Meadowmont Village and Southern Village.[25] Meadowmont and Southern Village both have shopping centers, green space where concerts and movies take place, community pools, and schools. Also, a traditional-style mall with a mix of national and local retailers is located at University Place.

In 2009, Chapel Hill ranked number three on Newsmax magazine's list of the "Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns", a piece written by current CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg. According to the magazine, Greenberg based the rankings on a variety of features, such as quality of schools and proximity to medical care, as well as culture, hospitality, and scenic beauty.[26]

食品[编辑]

Hailed as one of America's Foodiest Small Towns by Bon Appétit,[27] Chapel Hill is rapidly becoming a hot spot for pop American cuisine. Among the restaurants noted nationally are Al's Burger Shack, A Southern Season, Foster's Market (Martha Stewart's Living), Mama Dip's (Food Network's "$40 A Day With Rachael Ray"),[28] Crook's Corner, Sunrise Biscuit Kitchen (The Splendid Table), caffè Driade (Food Network's "$40 A Day With Rachael Ray"),[28] Lantern Restaurant (Food & Wine magazine, Southern Living magazine, etc.), and Vimala's Curryblossom Cafe.[29]

音乐[编辑]

Chapel Hill also has a vibrant music scene. Classical composers on the faculty of UNC Chapel Hill include Allen Anderson, Stefan Litwin, and Lee Weisert.[30] In the realm of popular music, Alternative States, Remington Brown, Archers of Loaf, Squirrel Nut Zippers, James Taylor, George Hamilton IV, Southern Culture on the Skids, Superchunk, Polvo, Ben Folds Five, and more recently Porter Robinson, are among the most notable musical artists and acts whose careers began in Chapel Hill. The town has also been a center for the modern revival of old-time music with such bands as the Ayr Mountaineers, Hollow Rock String band, the Tug Creek Ramblers, Two Dollar Pistols, the Fuzzy Mountain String band, Big Fat Gap and the Red Clay Ramblers.[31] Chapel Hill was also the founding home of now Durham-based Merge Records. Bruce Springsteen has made a point to visit the town on four occasions. His most recent appearance was on September 15, 2003, at Kenan Memorial Stadium with the E Street Band. U2 also performed at Kenan on the first American date of their 1983 War Tour, where Bono famously climbed up to the top of the stage, during pouring rain and lightning, holding up a white flag for peace. The 2011 John Craigie song, "Chapel Hill", is about the singer's first visit there.[32] One song from Dirty, a Sonic Youth album, is named after the town.

体育[编辑]

The University of North Carolina has been very successful at college basketball and women's soccer, and a passion for these sports has been a distinctive feature of the town's culture, fueled by the rivalry among North Carolina's four ACC teams: the North Carolina Tar Heels, the Duke Blue Devils, the NC State Wolfpack, and the Wake Forest Demon Deacons.

The two largest sports venues in the town both house UNC teams. The Dean Smith Center is home to the men's basketball team, while Kenan Memorial Stadium is home to the football team. In addition, Chapel Hill is also home to Carmichael Arena which formerly housed the UNC men's basketball team, and currently is home to the women's team, and to Fetzer Field, home to men's and women's soccer and lacrosse teams.

Many walking/biking trails are in Chapel Hill NC. Some of these include Battle Branch Trail and Bolin Creek Trail.[33]

媒体[编辑]

  • WCHL:[34] local AM radio station (1360AM, 97.9FM) providing talk radio, news, and local sports coverage as the flagship station of the Tar Heel Sports Network.
  • WUNC:[35] local public radio station (91.5FM) located on the UNC campus.
  • WXYC:[36] noncommercial student-run radio station (89.3FM) on the UNC campus. In 1994, it became the first radio station in the world to broadcast over the internet.
  • The Daily Tar Heel[37] is the nationally ranked, independent student newspaper that serves the university and the town. The free daily newspaper is printed Monday through Friday during the academic year and weekly during summer sessions.
  • The Chapel Hill News[38] is a newspaper owned by The News & Observer with a focus on the Chapel Hill-Carrboro area that is published twice a week.
  • The Sun Magazine[39] is an independent, ad-free magazine that for more than 40 years has published personal essays, interviews, short stories, poetry, and photographs.
  • Carrboro Citizen[40] was a locally owned community newspaper covering local news, politics and town government of Chapel Hill and Carrboro. The last issue was published in October 2012.
  • The metro area has TV broadcasting stations that serve the Raleigh-Durham Designated Market Area (DMA) as defined by Nielsen Media Research.

交通[编辑]

公交[编辑]

Chapel Hill has free intracity bus service via Chapel Hill Transit. Go Triangle provides connection to the rest of the Triangle (Raleigh, Durham, and Hillsborough), of which the Hillsborough service is operated by Chapel Hill Transit, and supplemented mid-day by a county shuttle.

轻轨[编辑]

A light rail service between Chapel Hill and Durham entered the engineering phase in August 2017.

姐妹城市[编辑]

名人[编辑]

UNC's wooded campus buffers the town center

在世[编辑]

已逝[编辑]

参见[编辑]

参考资料[编辑]

  1. ^ Tax Payments. Town of Chapel Hill. 2011 [29 July 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年9月24日） （英语）. 
  2. ^ Population Estimates 2012 Combined Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau. [March 14, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2013-3-17）. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Fun Facts About Chapel Hill and UNC. Chapel Hill/Orange County Visitors Bureau. 2008 [July 5, 2011]. （原始内容存档于June 28, 2011）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  4. ^ MEMORANDUM. 
  5. ^ Nicholas Graham. This Month in North Carolina History. UNC University Libraries. 2004 [August 16, 2011]. 
  6. ^ Ongoing Exhibits. The Chapel Hill Museum. 2011 [August 3, 2011]. 
  7. ^ Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Chapel Hill town, North Carolina. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. [January 3, 2012]. （原始内容存档于September 11, 2013）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  8. ^ Climatology of the United States No. 20: CHAPEL HILL 2 W, NC 1971–2000 (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. February 2004 [July 7, 2014]. 
  9. ^ Monthly Averages for Chapel Hill, NC (27514). The Weather Channel. [July 7, 2014]. 
  10. ^ Population and Housing Unit Estimates. [June 9, 2017]. 
  11. ^ Census of Population and Housing. Census.gov. [June 4, 2015]. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2015）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Chapel Hill town, North Carolina. U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. [January 3, 2012]. （原始内容存档于September 11, 2013）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  13. ^ Chapel Hill town, North Carolina, Census.gov. Factfinder.census.gov. [August 23, 2012]. 
  14. ^ U.S. Census Bureau. 2008 American Community Survey
  15. ^ Grubb, Tammy. Pam Hemminger outpaces write-in challenger Eugene Farrar in Chapel Hill mayor's race. Herald Sun. November 7, 2017 [December 22, 2017]. 
  16. ^ Stasio, Frank. Chapel Hill's First Openly-Gay Mayor Reflects On His Home. WUNC (FM). November 5, 2014 [June 15, 2015]. 
  17. ^ MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE MAYOR AND COUNCIL OF THE TOWN OF CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1990 AT 7:30 pm. Town Hall. September 24, 1990 [August 1, 2011]. 
  18. ^ Resolution to Update Town Seal. Town of Chapel Hill. April 11, 2005. 
  19. ^ Top Open Enrollment Schools | US News Best High Schools 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期May 5, 2009，.
  20. ^ Murals. UNC The Graduate School. 2004 [July 15, 2011]. 
  21. ^ Festifall 2011. Town of Chapel Hill. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始内容存档于July 28, 2011）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  22. ^ Theaters and Performing Arts. Chapel Hill Downtown Partnership. 2011 [August 1, 2011]. 
  23. ^ Morehead History construction. Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始内容存档于September 30, 2003）. 
  24. ^ Morehead History Astronaut Training. Morehead Planetarium and Science Center. 2011 [July 5, 2011]. （原始内容存档于November 5, 2003）. 
  25. ^ Welcome to Southern Village. Southernvillage.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
  26. ^ Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns. Newsmax.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
  27. ^ Andrew Knowlton. America's Foodiest Small Town. Bon Appétit. 2008 [February 10, 2014]. 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 $40 A Day. Food Network. 2008 [July 5, 2011]. （原始内容存档于September 7, 2011）.  已忽略未知参数|df= (帮助)
  29. ^ Grubb, Tammy. Vimala’s Curryblossom Cafe starts next 5 years with $100,000 recipe for success. The News & Observer. September 27, 2015 [December 26, 2017]. 
  30. ^ Faculty - Department of Music. Music.unc.edu. [January 10, 2016]. 
  31. ^ Music of the Red Clay Ramblers. Originalredclayramblers.com. [January 10, 2016]. 
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