蝾螺科

蝾螺科
	Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	软体动物门 Mollusca
纲：	腹足纲 Gastropoda
亚纲：	古腹足亚纲 Vetigastropoda
目：	钟螺目 Trochida
总科：	钟螺总科 Trochoidea
科：	蝾螺科 Turbinidae; Rafinesque, 1815
属与种
	见内文

蝾螺科（学名：Turbinidae）是一个包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一个科^[1]。旧属原始腹足目，现时蝾螺科是钟螺目钟螺总科之下的一个科^[2]。

本科在2005年的分类很庞大，包含多个亚科与物种^[3]，但这些亚科后来都从蝾螺科独立出来，组成各自的科与总科，到现在又重聚到钟螺总科之下^[2]。

型态特征[编辑]

本科物种的一大特征，是其钙质的口盖，使之与非常近似但有着角质口盖的钟螺科物种分辨开来。蝾螺科物种坚固的口盖成为了它们的一种被动的防御构造，得以抵挡捕食者尝试从其壳口或壳唇进侵其柔软的身体。

贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。

分布及栖息地[编辑]

按照Williams et al. (2008)，蝾螺科物种由多个支序组成，而且无论在浅水区或深水区皆有其物种栖息^[4]。本科物种有很广阔的分布范围，从热带到极带均有分布，但绝大多数物种都栖息于热带及亚热带的浅水区。

分类[编辑]

蝾螺科原为前鳃亚纲原始腹足目蝾螺总科的成员。现时蝾螺总科成为了钟螺总科的异名。然而，这一个颇为古老的腹足纲群组很可能源于2.98亿到2.50亿年前的二叠纪^[5]。本科物种的型态仍然保有多种原始（英语：primitive (phylogenetics)）的特征，例如：它们的螺壳内的珠母层。

2005年分类[编辑]

根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，蝾螺科是蝾螺总科的成员，由下列八个亚科组成^[3]：

Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
海豚螺亚科 Angariinae Gray, 1857^[6]：又名棘冠螺亚科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亚科的异名。
缩口螺亚科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917^[7]^[6]
- tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
- tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
- tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
- tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
† Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：异名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼写错误。^[8]
篷螺亚科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851^[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亚科的异名。
Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008年分类[编辑]

根据Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蝾螺科被重新定义，还被移到钟螺总科^[4]。与此同时，原来蝾螺科之下的海豚螺亚科获提至科级，成为了钟螺总科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原来蝾螺科的缩口螺亚科在提升至科级成为缩口螺科（Colloniidae）之余，再与蝾螺总科的雉螺科改为合组新的雉螺总科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）^[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae^[4]。这个时候的蝾螺科包括下列五个亚科^[4]：

蝾螺亚科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：异名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
Margaritinae ^[9]：根据布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)，这个亚科由以下三个族组成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
- tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
- tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
- tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：获提升至科级成为Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在2005年分类提及过的亚科都保留了：

Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria这个属的物种并未有包括在2010年的分子研究里^[4]^[10]
† Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

2017年分类[编辑]

亚伦氏螺属（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到缩口螺科去^[11]。

以下为本科现时余下的属^[12]。

属[编辑]

The shell of *Guildfordia yoka*, a deep water turbinid

现时本科包括以下各属：

不属于任何亚科：

Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
Tropidomarga Powell, 1951

蝾螺亚科（Turbininae）^[12]

Astraea Röding, 1798
星螺属 Astralium Link, 1807
Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
拟星螺属 Bolma Risso, 1826
Cookia Lesson, 1832
刺螺属 Guildfordia Gray, 1850
Lithopoma Gray, 1850
珠螺属 Lunella Röding, 1798
Megastraea McLean, 1970^[13]
Modelia Gray, 1850
Pomaulax Gray, 1850
Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 †
蝾螺属 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式属
Uvanilla Gray, 1850

Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

Prisogaster Mörch, 1850^[8]

异名：

Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
† Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
† Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
† Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
† Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

参考文献[编辑]

^ Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.
^ Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编著 (编). 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第29卷软体动物门腹足纲原始腹足目马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）（中文（简体））.
^ 引证错误：没有为名为WoRMS_382202的参考文献提供内容
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –通过WoRMS.
^ 引证错误：没有为名为Thiele, 1924的参考文献提供内容
^ Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.
^ Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –通过WoRMS.
^ Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.

Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英语）.

外部链接[编辑]

Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[WoRMS_503-1] Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.

[Bouchet_2017-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.

[Bouchet_2005-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.

[Williams_2008-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.

[Alf_&_Kreipl_2003-5] Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.

[dzz2002-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编著 (编). 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第29卷软体动物门腹足纲原始腹足目马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）（中文（简体））.

[WoRMS_382202-7] 引证错误：没有为名为WoRMS_382202的参考文献提供内容

[WoRMS_382193-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –通过WoRMS.

[Thiele,_1924-9] 引证错误：没有为名为Thiele, 1924的参考文献提供内容

[10] Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.

[11] Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].

[WoRMS_225151-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –通过WoRMS.

[13] Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]