雕齿兽

雕齿兽; 化石时期：更新世; ~2.500–0.011 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
保护状况
	化石
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	有甲目 Cingulata
科：	倭犰狳科 Chlamyphoridae
亚科：	†雕齿兽亚科 Glyptodontinae
属：	†雕齿兽属 Glyptodon; Owen, 1839
种
	G. clavipes Owen, 1839 (模式种); G. elongatus Burmeister, 1866; G. euphractus Lund, 1839; G. munizi Ameghino, 1881; G. petaliferus Cope, 1888; G. reticulatus Owen, 1845; G. rivapacis Hay, 1923;

雕齿兽（学名：Glyptodon）是一属生存于更新世的大型及有装甲的哺乳动物。雕齿兽外型及体重有点像金龟车，但较为扁平。雕齿兽估计是草食性的，以草及其他近河流的植物为食物。它有可能每一小时只行走1-2里。2016年一项针对星尾兽的mtDNA进行分析的研究，发现原来星尾兽所属的雕齿兽亚科与现代有甲目的倭犰狳亚科及三带犰狳亚科是同一演化支的姐妹群^[3]^[4]，也因此犰狳属以外的所有犰狳与雕齿兽现在都归入倭犰狳科之中。

雕齿兽的外表非常类似现存的龟以及中生代时期的甲龙，但三者非亲缘物种，只是不同分支的趋同演化至相似形态^[5]^[6]。

演化历史[编辑]

雕齿兽是属于异关节总目。这个总目下包括有食蚁兽、树懒、犰狳及已灭绝的地懒。

雕齿兽起源于南美洲，并在250万年前北美洲及南美洲因巴拿马地峡的出现而连结时首次出现在美国西南部。它们在约于一万年前灭绝。相信住在它们附近的原住人类猎杀它们及以它们的壳来作为遮蔽。^[7]^[8]

解剖[编辑]

雕齿兽体长约 3.3米（11英尺），高度约 1.5米（4.9英尺），体重可达 2公吨（4,400英磅）。

雕齿兽的身体由保护甲壳所覆盖，而此甲壳是由超过1000块1吋厚的骨板所组成。雕齿兽类的每个不同种都有其独特的骨板及壳，这个甲壳就像龟的一样，不过它们不能把头缩入壳内，取而代之是在头颅骨顶有一个骨冠。雕齿兽的尾巴有环形骨作为保护。这个巨型甲壳需要更强壮的支撑物，例如融合了的脊骨，短而巨大的肢骨及阔的肩胛骨。^[9]

鼻腔因肌肉加厚的缘故而变得细少。有些估计指这些加厚的肌肉是像貘或象般的口器或长鼻。但是大部分有长鼻的动物的鼻骨都在头颅骨的较后位置，而雕齿兽却没有这个特征。雕齿兽的下颚骨很深及帮助支撑巨大的肌肉来咬碎在河边及湖边的植物。

捕猎雕齿兽的有剑齿虎的斯剑虎，但它要将重1-2吨的雕齿兽反转则显得有点困难。

灭绝[编辑]

一些证据显示人类可能是导致雕齿兽灭绝的主要原因^[10]，猎人们会利用它们的壳作为躲避恶劣气候用的临时庇护^[11]^[12]。来自阿根廷彭巴草原两处考古地 Campo Laborde 与 La Moderna 的证据显示，雕齿兽与其近亲星尾兽成功存活至全新世早期，与人类的生存时间交叉了 4,000 年^[13]。

参考[编辑]

^ Glyptodon petaliferus. Paleobiology Database.
^ Glyptodon rivapacis. Paleobiology Database.
^ Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G.C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J. C.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; MacPhee, R. D.E.; Poinar, H. N. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology. 2016-02-22, 26 (4): R155–R156. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039.
^ Gillian C. Gibb; Fabien L. Condamine; Melanie Kuch; Jacob Enk; Nadia Moraes-Barros; Mariella Superina; Hendrik N. Poinar; Frédéric Delsuc. Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2016, 33: 621–642. PMC 4760074 . PMID 26556496. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250.
^ Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry. Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press. 22 May 2013. ISBN 0-253-00719-4. OCLC 779244424.
^ Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features. Journal of Anatomy. 2015-08-31, 227 (4): 514–523. PMC 4580109 . PMID 26332595. doi:10.1111/joa.12363.
^ Fidalgo, F.; et al. Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio 2 de Arroyo Seco (Pdo. de Tres Arroyos, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina). Bryan, Alan (ed.) (编). New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas, Peopling of the Americas Symposia Series. Orono, Maine: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine. 1986: 221–269. ISBN 0-912933-03-8 （西班牙语）.
^ Politis, Gustavo G. and Gutierrez, Maria A. Gliptodontes y Cazadores-Recolectores de la Region Pampeana (Argentina). Latin American Antiquity. 1998, 9 (2): 111–134 （西班牙语）.
^ David Lambert and the Diagram Group. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications. 1985. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7.
^ Martin, P. S.; Steadman, D. W. Prehistoric extinctions on islands and continents. MacPhee, R. D. E (编). Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts and consequences. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology 2. New York: Kluwer/Plenum. 1999-06-30: 17–56; see p. 38 [2015-11-07]. ISBN 978-0-306-46092-0. OCLC 41368299. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04）.
^ Fidalgo, F., et al. (1986) "Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio 2 de Arroyo Seco (Pdo. de Tres Arroyos, prov. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina)" In: Bryan, Alan (ed.) (1986) New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas Peopling of the Americas Symposia Series, Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, ISBN 0-912933-03-8, pp. 221–269, in Spanish
^ Politis, Gustavo G. and Gutierrez, Maria A. (1998) "Gliptodontes y Cazadores-Recolectores de la Region Pampeana (Argentina)" ("Glyptodonts and Hunter-Gatherers in the Pampas Region (Argentina)") Latin American Antiquity 9(2): pp.111–134 in Spanish
^ Politis, G. G.; Messineo, P. G. The Campo Laborde site: New evidence for the Holocene survival of Pleistocene megafauna in the Argentine Pampas. Quaternary International. November 2008, 191 (1): 98–114. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.12.003.

[FWGlyptodonPetaliferus-1] Glyptodon petaliferus. Paleobiology Database.

[FWGlyptodonRivapacis-2] Glyptodon rivapacis. Paleobiology Database.

[Delsuc2016-3] Delsuc, F.; Gibb, G.C.; Kuch, M.; Billet, G.; Hautier, L.; Southon, J.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Fernicola, J. C.; Vizcaíno, S. F.; MacPhee, R. D.E.; Poinar, H. N. The phylogenetic affinities of the extinct glyptodonts. Current Biology. 2016-02-22, 26 (4): R155–R156. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.039.

[4] Gillian C. Gibb; Fabien L. Condamine; Melanie Kuch; Jacob Enk; Nadia Moraes-Barros; Mariella Superina; Hendrik N. Poinar; Frédéric Delsuc. Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2016, 33: 621–642. PMC 4760074 . PMID 26556496. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv250.

[Fariña2013-5] Fariña, Richard A.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; De Iuliis, Gerry. Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America. Indiana University Press. 22 May 2013. ISBN 0-253-00719-4. OCLC 779244424.

[Arbour2015-6] Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features. Journal of Anatomy. 2015-08-31, 227 (4): 514–523. PMC 4580109 . PMID 26332595. doi:10.1111/joa.12363.

[fidalgo1986-7] Fidalgo, F.; et al. Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio 2 de Arroyo Seco (Pdo. de Tres Arroyos, Pcia. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina). Bryan, Alan (ed.) (编). New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas, Peopling of the Americas Symposia Series. Orono, Maine: Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine. 1986: 221–269. ISBN 0-912933-03-8 （西班牙语）.

[politis1998-8] Politis, Gustavo G. and Gutierrez, Maria A. Gliptodontes y Cazadores-Recolectores de la Region Pampeana (Argentina). Latin American Antiquity. 1998, 9 (2): 111–134 （西班牙语）.

[lambert-9] David Lambert and the Diagram Group. The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications. 1985. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7.

[islands&continents-10] Martin, P. S.; Steadman, D. W. Prehistoric extinctions on islands and continents. MacPhee, R. D. E (编). Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts and consequences. Advances in Vertebrate Paleobiology 2. New York: Kluwer/Plenum. 1999-06-30: 17–56; see p. 38 [2015-11-07]. ISBN 978-0-306-46092-0. OCLC 41368299. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04）.

[11] Fidalgo, F., et al. (1986) "Investigaciones arqueológicas en el sitio 2 de Arroyo Seco (Pdo. de Tres Arroyos, prov. de Buenos Aires, República Argentina)" In: Bryan, Alan (ed.) (1986) New evidence for the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas Peopling of the Americas Symposia Series, Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, ISBN 0-912933-03-8, pp. 221–269, in Spanish

[12] Politis, Gustavo G. and Gutierrez, Maria A. (1998) "Gliptodontes y Cazadores-Recolectores de la Region Pampeana (Argentina)" ("Glyptodonts and Hunter-Gatherers in the Pampas Region (Argentina)") Latin American Antiquity 9(2): pp.111–134 in Spanish

[Politis2008-13] Politis, G. G.; Messineo, P. G. The Campo Laborde site: New evidence for the Holocene survival of Pleistocene megafauna in the Argentine Pampas. Quaternary International. November 2008, 191 (1): 98–114. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.12.003.

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