亨利·埃弗里
| 亨利·埃弗里 | |
|---|---|
 《海盗通史》上的画像 | |
| 出生 | 1653年8月20日 英国德文郡普利茅斯牛顿费勒斯 |
| 逝世 | 1699-1714年 可能是英格兰德文郡 |
| 职业 | 海盗 |
亨利·埃弗里（Henry Every、Henry Avery；1653年8月20日—？），有时又叫杰克·埃弗里（Jack Avery）、约翰·埃弗里（John Avery），此外还用过化名Benjamin Bridgeman、Long Ben等，是一位著名的17世纪英国海盗，是少数逃脱绞刑的海盗之一，被称为“海盗王”[1]。
他最著名的事迹是抢劫了莫卧儿帝国派往麦加朝圣的“冈依沙瓦号”（Ganj-i-sawai）单桅三角帆船及其护卫舰“法塔赫穆罕默德号”（Fateh Muhammed），这次行动中他抢得了价值£600,000（2024年的£9708万[2]）的财宝，使得他成为当时世界上最有钱的海盗。然而这也严重影响了英国和莫卧儿帝国之间的关系，英国枢密院和东印度公司因此悬赏£1,000通缉埃弗里[3]。虽然他的很多船员遭到了逮捕，但埃弗里本人却得以逃脱[4]。
生平[编辑]
1653年8月20日，他出生于德文郡普利茅斯东南9.7千米（6英里）处的小村Newton Ferrers[5][6]。埃弗里年轻时曾在皇家海军服役，三十岁出头时是鲁珀特号（HMS Rupert）上的海军军官候补生，船长为弗朗西斯·惠勒（Francis Wheeler）[7]。1690年6月末，他跟随惠勒乘上阿尔比马尔号（HMS Albemarle），可能两星期后参与过英法之间的比奇角战役（Battle of Beachy Head），英军大败亏输[8][9]。同年8月29日，他被踢出了皇家海军。[10][11]
离开皇家海军之后，他开始从事大西洋的黑奴贸易活动，为皇家非洲公司工作[12][13]。1693年，埃弗里加入了一艘名为查理二世号的私掠船，船长叫查尔斯·吉布森（Charles Gibson）[14]，受雇于西班牙，专门打击法国的商船及海盗。不过大半年间，查理二世号都没有遇上法国的商船或海盗，船员都没有粮饷，因此船员发生叛变，在加勒比海的一个岛上将船偷走，埃弗里则被推举为新任船长，并将船只易名为幻想号（Fancy）。
成为船长后，埃弗里在加勒比海一带与其他海盗结成联盟。1695年，埃弗里与其他海盗袭击了莫卧儿王朝的船只，夺去了巨额财宝，莫卧儿王朝向英国施压，英国发出通缉令通缉埃弗里，但埃弗里得到巴哈马总督的疪护。后来，埃弗里出航到爱尔兰，英国海军闻风赶到，捕捉了埃弗里的同党，但埃弗里已经消声匿迹，自此再没有任何埃弗里的踪影，埃弗里成为少数最终能逃过绞刑的海盗。世间一般认为他是在1699年于英格兰逝世。
后来美国各地发现铸造时间为17世纪末的阿拉伯钱币，显示埃弗里以及他的船员可能逃到了美洲大陆。[15]
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ Burgess 2009a，第138页
- ^ 见英国零售价指数，数据来自Clark, Gregory. The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series). MeasuringWorth. 2017 [2022-06-11].
- ^ Burgess 2009a，第144页
- ^ Woodard 2007
- ^ Baer 2005，第91页
- ^ Marley 2010，第589页
- ^ Baer 1994，第3页
- ^ Baer 1994，第4页
- ^ Marley 2010，第590页
- ^ Fox 2008，第19–29页
- ^ Marley 2010，第589–590页
- ^ Botting 1978，第80页
- ^ Phillips 1744，第197页
- ^ Baer 2005，第230页
- ^ 17世纪的海盗王可能逃到了北美. www.solidot.org. [2021-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）.
延伸阅读[编辑]
- Baer, Joel H. 'Captain John Avery' and the Anatomy of a Mutiny. Eighteenth-Century Life (Johns Hopkins University Press). 1994, 18 (1): 1–26. ISSN 0098-2601.
- Baer, Joel H. Bold Captain Avery in the Privy Council: Early Variants of a Broadside Ballad from the Pepys Collection. Folk Music Journal (English Folk Dance and Song Society). 1995, 7 (1): 4–26. ISSN 0531-9684.
- Baer, Joel H. Pirates of the British Isles. London: Tempus Publishing. 2005. ISBN 978-0-7524-2304-3.
- Baker, David Erskine; Reed, Isaac; Jones, Stephen. Biographia Dramatica; or, A Companion to the Playhouse 3. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown [etc.] 1812 [1 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-28）.
- Botting, Douglas. The Pirates. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1978. ISBN 978-0-8094-2650-8.
- Breverton, Terry. Black Bart Roberts: The Greatest Pirate of Them All. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. 2004. ISBN 1-58980-233-0.
- Bruce, Peter Henry. Memoirs of Peter Henry Bruce, Esq.. London: T. Payne, and Son, Mewsgate. 1782 [1 July 2010].
- Burgess, Douglas R. The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2009a. ISBN 978-0-07-147476-4.
- Burgess, Douglas R. Piracy in the Public Sphere: The Henry Every Trials and the Battle for Meaning in Seventeenth‐Century Print Culture. Journal of British Studies (The University of Chicago Press). 2009b, 48 (4): 887–913. doi:10.1086/603599.
- Davis, Ralph. The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. London: Macmillan Publishers. 1962. ISBN 978-0-905555-20-1.
- Dow, George Francis; Edmonds, John Henry. The Pirates of the New England Coast 1630–1730. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. 1996 [1923]. ISBN 978-0-486-29064-5.
- Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars. New York, NY: St. Martin's Griffin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-312-33580-9.
- Ellms, Charles. The Pirates Own Book. Portland, OR: Sanborn & Carter. 1837.
- Emlyn, Sollom (编). A Complete Collection of State-Trials, and Proceedings upon High-Treason, and Other Crimes and Misdemeanours; from the Reign of King Richard II to the End of the Reign of King George I. 5 2nd. London: J. Walthoe Sen. [etc.] 1730 [2 January 2012]. OCLC 2730073.
- Fox, E. T. King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every. London: Tempus Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7524-4718-6.
- Fraser, George MacDonald. The Pyrates. London: William Collins & Sons. 1983. ISBN 0-330-28390-1.
- Gosse, Philip. The Pirates' Who's Who. New York, NY: Burt Franklin. 1924 [2020-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-24）.
- Grey, Charles. Pirates of the Eastern Seas (1618–1723): A Lurid Page of History. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co. 1933. OCLC 499970.
- Elliot, Henry Miers; Dowson, John (编). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period 7. London: Trübner & Co. 1877 [2 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.
- Jameson, John Franklin. Case of Henry Every. Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishers. 1923: 153–188 [19 June 2010]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-24）.
- Johnson, Charles. The Life and Adventures of Capt. John Avery. University of California, Los Angeles: The Augustan Reprint Society. 1980 [1709].
- Keay, John. The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company. London: HarperCollins. 1991. ISBN 978-0-00-217515-9.
- Konstam, Angus. Piracy: The Complete History. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-1-84603-240-0.
Laughton, John Knox. Avery, John. Stephen, Leslie (编). Dictionary of National Biography 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885.- Marley, David F. Pirates of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2010. ISBN 978-1-59884-201-2.
- Marley, David F. Daily Life of Pirates. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press. 2012 [2020-03-25]. ISBN 978-0-313-39563-5. （原始内容存档于2016-06-24）.
- McCarthy, Tom (编). Incredible Pirate Tales: Fourteen Classic Stories of Outlaws on the High Seas. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. 2006. ISBN 978-1-59228-284-5.
- Phillips, Thomas, A Journal of a Voyage Made in the Hannibal of London, Churchill, Awnsham; Churchill, John (编), A Collection of Voyages and Travels, Some Now first Printed from Original Manuscripts, Others Now first Published in English. In Six Volumes 6, London: 171–239, 1744 [1732] [2020-03-25], （原始内容存档于2016-05-12）
- Price, Frederick George Hilton (编). A Handbook of London Bankers, With Some Account of Their Predecessors the Early Goldsmiths. London: Leadenhall Press. 1891 [29 October 2011].
- Pringle, Patrick. Jolly Roger: The Story of the Great Age of Piracy. Mineola, NY: Dover. 2001 [1953]. ISBN 0-486-41823-5.
- Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8070-5024-8.
- Rogoziński, Jan. Honor Among Thieves: Captain Kidd, Henry Every, and the Pirate Democracy in the Indian Ocean. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 2000. ISBN 978-0-8117-1529-4.
- Saletore, Rajaram Narayan. Indian Pirates: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Delhi: Concept Publishing. 1978. OCLC 5414009.
- Sherry, Frank. Raiders and Rebels: The Golden Age of Piracy. New York, NY: Hearst Marine Books. 1986. ISBN 978-0-688-04684-2.
- Travers, Tim. Pirates: A History. London: Tempus Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7524-3936-5.
- Woodard, Colin. The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Orlando, FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2007. ISBN 978-0-15-101302-9.
- Wright, Arnold. Annesley of Surat and His Times, the True Story of the Mythical Wesley Fortune. London: Andrew Melrose. 1918 [29 October 2011].
外部链接[编辑]
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维基语录上的亨利·埃弗里语录 |
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