作物野生近緣種

作物野生近緣種（crop wild relative）指的是栽培作物的野生親緣植物。

概述[編輯]

作物野生近緣種包括作物的祖先物種以及那些多少與作物有關係的物種，它們可以為提高農業生產力和保證農業可持續發展提供重要的資源^[1]^[2]。在全球氣候變化和生態系統不穩定條件下，作物野生近緣種很可能成為保證新千年目標之食品安全實現的重要源泉。 ^[3]正是一個俄羅斯植物學家尼古拉·瓦維洛夫在20世紀早期首先認識到作物野生近緣種的重要性。^[4] 幾千年來，來自作物野生近緣種的遺傳材料被人類用來改善作物品質和產量。農民的傳統育種方法使用幾千年，例如在墨西哥，野生玉米 (Zea mexicana)經常被種在栽培玉米田旁邊以促進自然的雜交並提高產量。最近，植物育種學家應用作物野生近緣種的基因來改良很多作物，如水稻 (Oryza sativa)、番茄 (Lycopersicon esculentum) 和糧用豆類。^[5]

作物野生近緣種的保護[編輯]

Example of one of the first genetic reserves established to conserve CWR near Kalakh al Hosn, Syria

作物野生近緣種是自然生態系統和農業生態系統的基本組成部分，因而對生態系統健康的維持是必不可少的。^[3] 作物野生近緣種的保護和可持續利用對於提高農業生產力、提高食品安全和保護環境是非常重要的。^[6] ^[7] 許多作物野生近緣種的自然種群受到越來越多的威脅。由於自然生境的破壞和退化導致的生境喪失或過度使用，作物野生近緣種受到極大的威脅。森林砍伐導致了水果樹、堅果樹和工業作物等許多作物的重要種群的喪失。由於過度放牧，乾旱和半乾旱地區的穀類作物的野生近緣種種群數量極度降低，導致了沙漠化。農業生產不斷增長的工業化進程顯著地減少了傳統農業生態系統中作物野生近緣種的發生。對作物野生近緣種的保護和利用是提高食品安全性、消除貧困和保持環境健康的重要因素。^[8]

參見[編輯]

參考文獻[編輯]

^ Bioversity International, (2006). Crop wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome.
^ FAO, (1998). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome; FAO, (2008). Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO, Rome
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. and Kell, S.P., (2008). Crop wild relatives: establishing the context. In: Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Kell, S.P. Iriondo, J., Dulloo, E. and Turok, J. (eds.) Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Pp. 3-30. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
^ Vavilov, N.I., (1926). Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, Leningrad.
^ Hajjar, R. and Hodgkin, T., (2007). The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica, 156: 1-13.
^ Hawkes, J.G., Maxted, N. and Ford-Lloyd, B.V., (2000). The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. pp. 1-250. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
^ Heywood, V.H. and Dulloo, M.E., (2006). In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome; Hoyt, E., (1988). Conserving the Wild Relatives of Crops. IBPGR, IUCN, WWF, Rome; Meilleur, B.A. and Hodgkin, T., (2004). In situ conservation of crop wild relatives. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13: 663—684.
^ Tanksley, S.D. and McCouch, S.R., (1997). Seed banks and molecular maps: Unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science, 277: 1063–1066.

外部連結[編輯]

CWR Global Portal（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
European Crop Wild Relative Diversity Assessment and Conservation Forum （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

多媒體

Short DIVERSEEDS video on crop wild relatives in the fertile cresent in Israel

[1] Bioversity International, (2006). Crop wild relatives. Bioversity International, Rome.

[2] FAO, (1998). The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome; FAO, (2008). Establishment of a global network for the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and needs. FAO, Rome

[#1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V. and Kell, S.P., (2008). Crop wild relatives: establishing the context. In: Maxted, N., Ford-Lloyd, B.V., Kell, S.P. Iriondo, J., Dulloo, E. and Turok, J. (eds.) Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Pp. 3-30. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.

[4] Vavilov, N.I., (1926). Studies in the origin of cultivated plants. Institute of Applied Botany and Plant Breeding, Leningrad.

[5] Hajjar, R. and Hodgkin, T., (2007). The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica, 156: 1-13.

[6] Hawkes, J.G., Maxted, N. and Ford-Lloyd, B.V., (2000). The ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources. pp. 1-250. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

[7] Heywood, V.H. and Dulloo, M.E., (2006). In Situ Conservation of Wild Plant Species – a Critical Global Review of Good Practices. IPGRI Technical Bulletin No. 11. IPGRI, Rome; Hoyt, E., (1988). Conserving the Wild Relatives of Crops. IBPGR, IUCN, WWF, Rome; Meilleur, B.A. and Hodgkin, T., (2004). In situ conservation of crop wild relatives. Biodiversity and Conservation, 13: 663—684.

[8] Tanksley, S.D. and McCouch, S.R., (1997). Seed banks and molecular maps: Unlocking genetic potential from the wild. Science, 277: 1063–1066.

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