奇普

奇普（Quipu或Khipu）是古代印加人的一種結繩記事的方法，用來計數或者記錄歷史。它是由許多顏色的繩結編成的，不同的繩結有不同的含義。這種結繩記事方法已經失傳，目前還沒有人能夠了解其全部含義。這種計數方法在美國華盛頓國立美國印第安人博物館的長期展覽「偉大的印加之路」（The Great Inka Road）中有實物展覽，並附有詮釋。

奇普因其特殊的打結方法，可從視覺上分辨結數（繞圈數）。其計數方法為，以單條繩上的結數數量及位置進行組合記錄。位於繩下部的繩結數量，可表示從一到九的數字，十，百，千等量級則以單獨繩結依次在繩高位打結作為記錄。若該數字為個位數（1-9），則該繩繩結數量不超於九。

舉例，若一條繩底部為七結，中部為三結，頂部一結，則該條繩表示的數字為137。

參考文獻

• Adrien, Kenneth. Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture and Consciousness. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-8263-2359-0. 
• The Archaeological Institute of America. Conversations: String Theorist. Archaeology. November–December 2005, 58 (6) [2021-03-07]. ISSN 0003-8113. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-05）. 
• Ascher, Marcia; Ascher, Robert. Code of the Quipu: Databook. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1978. ASIN B0006X3SV4. 
• Ascher, Marcia; Ascher, Robert. Code of the Quipu: A Study in Media, Mathematics, and Culture. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 1980. ISBN 978-0-472-09325-0. 
• Brokaw, Galen. A History of the Khipu. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-19779-3. 
• Cook, Gareth. Untangling the Mystery of the Inca. Wired. January 2007, 15 (1) [2021-03-07]. ISSN 1059-1028. （原始內容存檔於2013-01-19）. 
• D'Altroy, Terrence N. The Incas. Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. 2001. ISBN 978-0-631-17677-0. 
• Day, Cyrus Lawrence. Quipus and witches' knots; the role of the knot in primitive and ancient cultures. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press. 1967. OCLC 1446690.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link)
• Hyland, Sabine. Writing with Twisted Cords: The Inscriptive Capacity of Andean Khipus. Current Anthropology. 2017, 58 (3): 412–419. ISSN 0011-3204. S2CID 164759609. doi:10.1086/691682. hdl:10023/12326 .  Web access （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Niles, Susan A. Considering Quipus: Andean Knotted String Records in Analytical Context. Reviews in Anthropology (Taylor and Francis). 2007, 36: 85–102. ISSN 0093-8157. S2CID 161544309. doi:10.1080/00938150601177629. 
• Nordenskiold, Erland. The Secret of the Peruvian Quipus. 1925. OCLC 2887018. 
• Peters, Renata; Salomon, Frank. Patrimony and partnership: conserving the khipu legacy of Rapaz, Peru. London: UCL Institute of Archaeology. 2006–2007: 41–44. ISSN 1463-1725. 
• Piechota, Dennis. Storage Containerization Archaeological Textile Collections. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation. 1978, 18 (1): 10–18. JSTOR 3179387. doi:10.2307/3179387. 
• Saez-Rodríguez, A. (2012). An Ethnomathematics Exercise for Analyzing a Khipu Sample from Pachacamac (Perú). Revista Latinoamericana de Etnomatemática. 5(1), 62–88.
• Salomon, Frank. How an Andean 'Writing Without Words' Works. Current Anthropology. 2001, 42 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1086/318435. 
• Salomon, Frank. The Cord Keepers: Khipus and Cultural Life in a Peruvian Village. Durham: Duke University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8223-3379-1. OCLC 54929904. 
• Salomon, Frank; Peters, Renata. Collaboration of Carrie Brezine, Gino de las Casas Ríos, Víctor Falcón Huayta, Rosa Choque Gonzales, and Rosalía Choque Gonzales. Governance and Conservation of the Rapaz Khipu Patrimony. Paper Delivered at Interdisciplinary Workshop on Intangible Heritage (Collaborative for Cultural Heritage and Museum Practices, Urbana-Champaign, IL). 31 March 2007. 
• Urton, Gary. From Knots to Narratives: Reconstructing the Art of Historical Record Keeping in the Andes from Spanish Transcriptions of Inka Khipus. Ethnohistory. 1998, 45 (5): 409–438. JSTOR 483319. doi:10.2307/483319. 
• Urton, Gary. Signs of the Inka Khipu: Binary Coding in the Andean Knotted-String Records. Austin: University of Texas Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-292-78539-7. OCLC 50323023. 
• Urton, Gary; Carrie Brezine. The Khipu Database Project. 2003–2004 [2012-12-07]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-31）. 
• Urton, Gary. Tying the Archive in Knots, or: Dying to get into the Archive in Ancient Peru. Archives and Records (Routledge, Taylor and Francis Groupe). 2011. ISSN 0037-9816. 
• Urton, Gary. 2017. Inka history in knots. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
• Domenici, Davide. Talking Knots of the Inka. Archaeology. 1996, 49 (6): 13–24. 
• Locke, Leland. The Ancient Quipu, a Peruvian Knot Record. American Anthropologist. 1912, 14 (2): 325–332. doi:10.1525/aa.1912.14.2.02a00070. 
• National Geographic. Accounting Cords. 1996 [2016-03-31]. （原始內容存檔於2016-04-08）. 

外部連結

• Manual of writing in quipus: Apendix. Constructive Logic in Quipus by Miguel Angel Calvo Rodriguez
• [//web.archive.org/web/20190531214728/http://khipukamayuq.fas.harvard.edu/ 頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） The Khipu Database Project at Harvard University] (gallery, archives, references, researchers, etc.)