山茶屬
山茶屬
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| 茶樹（Camellia sinensis） | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 植物界 Plantae |
| 演化支： | 維管束植物 Tracheophyta |
| 演化支： | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
| 演化支： | 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots |
| 演化支： | 菊類植物 Asterids |
| 目： | 杜鵑花目 Ericales |
| 科： | 山茶科 Theaceae |
| 族： | 山茶族 Theeae |
| 屬： | 山茶屬 Camellia L., 1753 |
| 模式種 | |
| 山茶花 Camellia japonica L., 1753
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山茶屬（學名：Camellia），或稱茶屬，是山茶科的一大屬。品種約有200餘種。主要分佈中國的長江以南至雲南及越南等東亞與東南亞地區。其中的茶樹產茶葉，許多種也可以做觀賞植物[1]。
屬名Camellia為紀念耶穌會傳教士喬治·約瑟夫·卡梅爾（George Joseph Kamel，1667-1706）而命名。
特徵[編輯]
山茶屬為一類灌木或喬木植物。葉多為革質，羽狀脈，有鋸齒，具柄，少數抱莖葉近無柄。花兩性，頂生或腋生，單花或2-3朵並生，有短柄；苞片2-6片，或更多；萼片5-6，分離或基部連生，有時更多，苞片與萼片有時逐漸轉變，組成苞被，從6片多至15片，脫落或宿存；花冠白色或紅色，有時黃色，基部多少連合；花瓣5-12片，栽培種常為重瓣，覆瓦狀排列；雄蕊多數，排成2-6輪，外輪花絲常於下半部連合成花絲管，並與花瓣基部合生；花葯縱裂，背部着生，有時為基部着生；子房上位，3-5室，花柱5-3條或5-3裂；每室有胚珠數個。果為蒴果，5-3爿自上部裂開，少數從下部裂開，果爿木質或栓質；中軸存在，或因2室不育而無中軸；種子圓球形或半圓形，種皮角質，胚乳豐富。[2]
物種[編輯]
根據世界植物在線數據庫的記錄，本屬目前包含以下224種：[3]
- Camellia albata Orel & Curry
- Camellia amplexicaulis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
- 抱莖短蕊茶 Camellia amplexifolia Merr. & Chun
- Camellia anderseniae Orel
- Camellia andrefrancisii Orel & Curry
- 安龍瘤果茶 Camellia anlungensis Hung T.Chang
- Camellia annamensis N.S.Lý, V.D.Lương, N.Đ.Đỗ, T.H.Lê & T.L.Nguyễn[4]
- 大萼毛蕊茶 Camellia assimiloides Sealy
- 五室金花茶 Camellia aurea Hung T.Chang
- 假大頭茶 Camellia azalea C.F.Wei
- Camellia bidoupensis Truong Luong & Tran
- Camellia brevistaminata Orel & Curry
- 短柱茶 Camellia brevistyla (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia bugiamapensis Orel Curry,Luu & Q.D.Nguyen
- Camellia campanulata OrelCurry & Luu
- 白毛蕊茶 Camellia candida HungT.Chang
- Camellia capitata Orel Curry & Luu
- Camellia cattienensis Orel
- 長尾毛蕊茶 Camellia caudata Wall.
- 浙江紅山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa Hu
- Camellia cherryana Orel
- Camellia chinmeiae S.L.Lee & T.Y.A.Yang
- 薄葉金花茶 Camellia chrysanthoides Hung T.Chang
- Camellia columna Orel & Curry
- Camellia compacta Orel & Curry
- Camellia concinna Orel & Curry
- 泰國管蕊茶 Camellia connata (Craib)Craib
- Camellia corallina (Gagnep.)Sealy
- 心葉毛蕊茶 Camellia cordifolia (F.P.Metcalf)Nakai
- 突肋茶 Camellia costata S.Y.Hu & S.Y.Liang
- 貴州連蕊茶 Camellia costei H.Lév.
- 紅皮糙果茶 Camellia crapnelliana Tutcher
- 厚軸茶 Camellia crassicolumna HungT.Chang
- 厚柄連蕊茶 Camellia crassipes Sealy
- Camellia crassiphylla Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia crassisepala Orel & Curry
- Camellia cuongiana Orel & Curry
- 滇南連蕊茶 Camellia cupiformis T.L.Ming
- Camellia curryana Orel & Luu
- 尖連蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata (Kochs)Bean
- Camellia dalatensis V.D.Luong Ninh & Hakoda
- 德保金花茶 Camellia debaoensis R.C.Hu & Y.Q.Liu fu
- Camellia decora Orel Curry & Luu
- Camellia dilinhensis Ninh & V.D.Luong
- Camellia discorsa Orel & Curry
- Camellia dongnaicensis Orel
- Camellia dormoyana (Pierre)Sealy
- Camellia drupifera Lour.
- Camellia duyana Orel Curry & Luu
- 尖萼紅山茶 Camellia edithae Hance
- Camellia elizabethae Orel & Curry
- 長管連蕊茶] Camellia elongata (Rehder & E.H.Wilson)Rehder
- Camellia erubescens Orel & Curry
- 顯脈金花茶 Camellia euphlebia Merr.ex Sealy
- 柃葉連蕊茶 Camellia euryoides Lindl.
- Camellia exigua Orel & Curry
- 防城茶 Camellia fangchengensis S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
- Camellia fansipanensis J.M.H.Shaw Wynn-Jones & V.D.Nguyen
- 簇蕊金花茶 Camellia fascicularis Hung T.Chang
- Camellia flava (Pit.)Sealy
- 淡黃金花茶 Camellia flavida Hung T.Chang
- Camellia fleuryi (A.Chev.)Sealy
- Camellia flosculora Curry V.S.Le,T.Q.Cuong & V.D.Luong
- 窄葉短柱茶 Camellia fluviatilis Hand.-Mazz.
- Camellia foleyana Orel & Curry
- 蒙自連蕊茶 Camellia forrestii (Diels)Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia fragilis Orel & Curry
- 毛柄連蕊茶 Camellia fraterna Hance
- Camellia fulva Orel & Curry
- 糙果茶 Camellia furfuracea (Merr.)Cohen-Stuart
- 硬葉糙果茶 Camellia gaudichaudii (Gagnep.)Sealy
- Camellia gilbertii (A.Chev.)Sealy
- 禿助連蕊茶 Camellia glabricostata T.L.Ming
- Camellia gracilipes Merr.ex Sealy
- 大苞茶 Camellia grandibracteata Hung T.Chang,Y.J.Tan,F.L.Yu & P.S.Wang
- 大苞山茶 Camellia granthamiana Sealy
- 長瓣短柱茶 Camellia grijsii Hance
- 禿房茶 Camellia gymnogyna Hung T.Chang
- 海南油茶 Camellia hainanica Y.L.Zhao & Z.G.Xu
- Camellia harlandii Orel & Curry
- Camellia hatinhensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
- 河口超長柄茶 Camellia hekouensis C.J.Wang & G.S.Fan
- 冬紅短柱茶 Camellia hiemalis Nakai
- Camellia hirsuta Hakoda & Ninh
- Camellia honbaensis Luu Q.D.Nguyen & G.Tran
- Camellia hongiaoensis Orel & Curry
- 香港紅山茶 Camellia hongkongensis Seem.
- 貴州金花茶 Camellia huana T.L.Ming & W.J.Zhang
- Camellia huulungensis Rosmann & Ninh
- 冬青葉山茶 Camellia ilicifolia Y.K.Li
- Camellia illia Orel & Curry
- 凹脈金花茶 Camellia impressinervis Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
- 中越山茶 Camellia indochinensis Merr.
- Camellia ingens Orel & Curry
- Camellia insularis Orel & Curry
- Camellia × intermedia (Tuyama) Nagam.
- Camellia inusitata Orel Curry & Luu
- 山茶 Camellia japonica L.
- Camellia kirinoi Ninh
- 落瓣短柱茶 Camellia kissii Wall.
- Camellia krempfii (Gagnep.)Sealy
- 廣西茶 Camellia kwangsiensis Hung T.Chang
- 管蕊茶 Camellia lanceolata (Blume)Seem.
- Camellia langbianensis (Gagnep.)P.H.Hô
- Camellia laotica (Gagnep.)T.L.Ming
- Camellia latifolia Orel & Curry
- 四川毛蕊茶 Camellia lawii Sealy
- 膜葉茶 Camellia leptophylla S.Ye Liang ex Hung T.Chang
- Camellia ligustrina Orel Curry & Luu
- 長萼連蕊茶 Camellia longicalyx Hung T.Chang
- Camellia longii Orel & Luu
- 長柄山茶 Camellia longipedicellata (Hu)Hung T.Chang & D.Fang
- 超長柄茶 Camellia longissima Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
- Camellia lucii Orel & Curry
- Camellia luongii Ninh & Le
- Camellia lutchuensis T.Itô
- 雲南管蕊茶 Camellia luteocalpandria S.X.Yang & E.D.Liu
- Camellia luteocerata Orel
- 小黃花茶 Camellia luteoflora Y.K.Li ex Hung T.Chang & F.A.Zeng
- Camellia luteonerva Orel & Curry
- Camellia luteopallida V.D.Luong T.Q.T.Nguyen & Luu
- Camellia maiana Orel
- 毛蕊紅山茶 Camellia mairei (H.Lév.)Melch.
- 氂牛山山茶 Camellia maoniushanensis J.L.Liu & Q.Luo
- Camellia megasepala Hung T.Chang & Trin Ninh
- 廣東毛蕊茶 Camellia melliana Hand.-Mazz.
- 小花金花茶 Camellia micrantha S.Ye Liang & Y.C.Zhong
- 彌勒糙果茶 Camellia mileensis T.L.Ming
- 富寧金花茶 Camellia mingii S.X.Yang
- Camellia minima Orel & Curry
- Camellia mollis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia montana (Blanco)Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia multigemma Orel & Curry
- Camellia murauchii Ninh & Hakoda
- Camellia namkadingensis Soulad. & Tagane
- Camellia nematodea (Gagnep.)Sealy
- Camellia nervosa (Gagnep.)Hung T.Chang
- Camellia ngheanensis N.D.DoV.D.Luong,N.S.Lý,T.H.Lê & D.H.Nguyễn
- Camellia ninhii V.D.Luong & Le
- Camellia oconoriana Orel Curry & Luu
- 油茶 Camellia oleifera C.Abel
- 厚短蕊茶 Camellia pachyandra Hu
- Camellia pallida Orel & Curry
- 細花短蕊茶 Camellia parviflora Merr. & ChunexSealy
- 小瘤果茶 Camellia parvimuricata Hung T.Chang
- Camellia parvula Orel & Curry
- 腺葉離蕊茶 Camellia paucipunctata (Merr. & Chun)Chun
- Camellia pentagonalema Orel & Curry
- 四季花金花茶 Camellia perpetua S. Ye Liang & L. D. Huang
- 金花茶 Camellia petelotii (Merr.)Sealy
- Camellia phanii Hakoda & Ninh
- Camellia philippinensis Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- 毛籽離蕊茶 Camellia pilosperma S.Yun Liang
- 平果金花茶 Camellia pingguoensis D.Fang
- Camellia piquetiana (Pierre)Sealy
- Camellia pirifructa Orel & Curry
- 西南紅山茶 Camellia pitardii Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia pleurocarpa (Gagnep.)Sealy
- 多齒紅山茶 Camellia polyodonta F.C.How ex Hu
- Camellia proensis V.D.Luong Dudkin & V.H.Quach
- Camellia psilocarpa X.G.Shi & C.X.Ye
- 毛葉茶 Camellia ptilophylla HungT.Chang
- Camellia pubicosta Merr.
- 毛糙果茶 Camellia pubifurfuracea Y.C.Zhong
- 毛瓣金花茶 Camellia pubipetala Y.Wan & S.Z.Huang
- Camellia puhoatensis N.S.Lý V.D.Luong,T.H.Lê,D.H.Nguyễn & N.D.Do
- Camellia pukhangensis N.D.Do V.D.Luong,S.T.Hoang & T.H.Lê
- Camellia pulchella Orel & Curry
- 斑枝毛蕊茶 Camellia punctata (Kochs)Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia pyriparva Orel & Curry
- Camellia pyxidiacea Z.R.XuF.P.Chen & C.Y.Deng
- Camellia quangcuongii L.V.Dung S.T.Hoang & Nhan
- Camellia reflexa Orel & Curry
- Camellia renshanxiangiae C.X.Ye & X.Q.Zheng
- 滇山茶 Camellia reticulata Lindl.
- 皺果茶 Camellia rhytidocarpa HungT.Chang & S.YeLiang
- Camellia rosacea Tagane Soulad. & Yahara
- 玫瑰連蕊茶 Camellia rosiflora Hook.
- Camellia rosmannii Ninh
- 川萼連蕊茶 Camellia rosthorniana Hand.-Mazz.
- 喙果金花茶 Camellia rostrata S.X.Yang & S.F.Chai[5]
- 圓基茶 Camellia rotundata Chang et Yu，接受名為：厚軸茶 Camellia crassicolumna
- Camellia rubriflora Ninh & Hakoda
- 柳葉毛蕊茶 Camellia salicifolia Champ.
- 怒江紅山茶 Camellia saluenensis StapfexBean
- 茶梅 Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
- Camellia scabrosa Orel & Curry
- 老撾茶 Camellia sealyana T.L.Ming
- 南山茶 Camellia semiserrata C.W.Chi
- 七瓣連蕊茶 Camellia septempetala Hung T.Chang & L.L.Qi
- Camellia siangensis T.K.Paul & M.P.Nayar
- 茶樹 Camellia sinensis (L.)Kuntze，茶
- Camellia sonthaiensis Luu V.D.Luong,Q.D.Nguyen & T.Q.T.Nguyen
- Camellia stellata Orel & Curry
- 五室連蕊茶 Camellia stuartiana Sealy
- 全緣紅山茶 Camellia subintegra P.C.Huang
- Camellia suddeeana D.Wei Zhao[6]
- Camellia synaptica Sealy
- 半宿萼茶 Camellia szechuanensis C.W.Chi
- 思茅短蕊茶 Camellia szemaoensis Hung T.Chang
- 大廠茶 Camellia tachangensis F.S.Zhang
- Camellia tadungensis Orel Curry & Luu
- 大理茶 Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.)Melch.
- 大姚短柱茶 Camellia tenii Sealy
- Camellia thailandica Hung T.Chang & S.X.Ren
- Camellia thanxaensa Hakoda & Kirino
- Camellia thuongiana V.D.Luong A.Le & T.L.Nguyen
- Camellia tienyenensis Orel & Curry
- Camellia tomentosa Orel & Curry
- 東京金花茶 Camellia tonkinensis (Pit.)Cohen-Stuart
- 阿里山連蕊茶 Camellia transarisanensis (Hayata)Cohen-Stuart
- 毛枝連蕊茶 Camellia trichoclada (Rehder)S.S.Chien
- Camellia triquetra Orel & Curry
- 雲南連蕊茶 Camellia tsaii Hu
- 金屏連蕊茶 Camellia tsingpienensis Hu
- 瘤果茶 Camellia tuberculata S.S.Chien
- Camellia tuyenquangensis V.D.Luong Le & Ninh
- 單體紅山茶 Camellia uraku Kitam.
- Camellia vanlangensis V.D. Luong & V.T. Pham[7]
- Camellia venusta Orel & Curry
- 小果毛蕊茶 Camellia villicarpa S.S.Chien
- 綠萼連蕊茶 Camellia viridicalyx Hung T.Chang & S.YeLiang
- Camellia viscosa Orel & Curry
- Camellia vuquangensis V.D.Luong Ninh & L.T.Nguyen
- 滇緬離蕊茶 Camellia wardii Kobuski
- Camellia wilkesiana Orel & Curry
- 武鳴金花茶 Camellia wumingensis S.Ye Liang & C.R.Fu ex Hai L.Chen[8]
- 黃花短蕊茶 Camellia xanthochroma K.M.Feng & L.S.Xie
- Camellia yokdonensis Dungbis & Hakoda
- 五柱滇山茶 Camellia yunnanensis (Pit. ex Diels)Cohen-Stuart
- Camellia zhaiana S.X.Yang
- 紫金短柱茶 Camellia zijinica M.Lin, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan, 2024[9]
品種[編輯]
山茶屬植物具有重要的經濟價值，茶葉是世界三大植物飲料之一；茶花是中國十大名花，深受世界各國人民的喜愛；油茶還是一種優良的木本油料植物。根據世界山茶屬植物品種數據庫的記錄，世界範圍內1253年至2023年的茶花、茶葉、茶油品種有26,087種[10][11]。
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008: 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
- ^ 中國植物志. 中國科學院中國植物志編纂委員會 , 編. 中国植物志·第四十九卷·第三分册 第一版. 北京: 科學出版社. 1998: 4 [2022-11-13]. ISBN 7-03-006265-5. （原始內容存檔於2022-11-13）.
- ^ Camellia L.. Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. [2022-11-13]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-03）.
- ^ Ngọc-Sâm Lý, Văn-Dũng Lương, Thị-Hương Lê, Ngọc-Đài Đỗ, Ninh TRẦN, Anh-Đức Nguyễn, Thị-Liễu Nguyễn, Chiyomi Uematsu and Hironori Katayama. 2022. Camellia annamensis (Theaceae), A New Species from central Vietnam. Taiwania. 67(2); 243-249 DOI: 10.6165/tai.2022.67.243
- ^ Zhen-Wen Liu, Sheng-Feng Chai, Fang-Yuan Wu, Pin-Ming Ye, Chang-Jie Jiang, Zhi-Rong Zhang, Xiang-Qin Yu, Jin-Lin Ma and Shi-Xiong Yang. 2020. Camellia rostrata, A New Species of Yellow Camellias from Southwest China. Phytotaxa. 459(1); 61–68. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.6
- ^ Dongwei Zhao. 2023. Camellia suddeeana (Theaceae), A New Species from Thailand. Phytotaxa. 594(3); 232-236. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.594.3.7，http://Researchgate.net/publication/370328018_Camellia_suddeeana_a_new_species_from_Thailand
- ^ Ngoc Bon Trinh, Van Dung Luong, Nguyet Hai Ninh Le and Van The Pham. 2023. Camellia vanlangensis (Theaceae, Sect. Archecamellia), A New Yellow-flowered Species from Vietnam. Taiwania. 68(4); 465-471. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1965
- ^ Hai-Ling Chen, Su-Juan Wei, Shao-Qing Tang and Yan Liu. 2023. Camellia wumingensis (Theaceae), A neglected Species from Guangxi, China. Taiwania. 68(4); 472-479. taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract/1966
- ^ Min Lin, Qin-Liang Ye, Zhi-Jian Zhang, Wen-Bo Liao and Qiang Fan. 2024. Camellia zijinica (Theaceae), A New Species endemic to Danxia Landscape from Guangdong Province, China. PhytoKeys. 237: 245-255. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.237.114768
- ^ International Camellia Register-Camellia,Cultivars,Species,Photos. camellia.iflora.cn. [2023-02-11]. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）.
- ^ Wang, Yanan; Zhuang, Huifu; Shen, Yunguang; Wang, Yuhua; Wang, Zhonglang. The Dataset of Camellia Cultivars Names in the World. Biodiversity Data Journal. 2021-01-19, 9 [2023-02-11]. ISSN 1314-2828. PMC 7838149
. PMID 33519266. doi:10.3897/BDJ.9.e61646. （原始內容存檔於2023-02-11）.
延伸閱讀[編輯]
[在維基數據編輯]
《欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·山茶部》，出自陳夢雷《古今圖書集成》- 《植物名實圖考·山茶》，出自吳其濬《植物名實圖考》
外部連接[編輯]
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維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：山茶屬 |
- The International Camellia Society （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The American Camellia Society （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The Southeastern Camellia Society
- Website with many Camellia illustrations from European and Japanese Camellia Books
- First Public Camellia Show （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） historical marker