分體論 (邏輯學)

在哲學方面，分體論（英文：Mereology；該單詞源自希臘語「μερος」；其中，詞頭「meros」意思是「部分」或者說「組成部分」，而詞尾「-logy」則指的是研究、學問、討論和科學），是指一套與組成部分及其相應整體有關的公理化一階理論。分體論既指的是謂詞邏輯的一種應用，又指的是形式本體論的一個分支。

參見

• 本體論

• Gunk
• 分體本質論
• 分體虛無主義
• Mereotopology
• Plural quantification
• Simples
• Whitehead's point-free geometry

參考文獻

• （英文） Bunt, Harry, 1985. Mass terms and model-theoretic semantics. Cambridge Univ. Press.
• （英文） Burgess, John, and Rosen, Gideon, 1997. A Subject with No Object. Oxford Univ. Press.
• （英文） Burkhardt, H., and Dufour, C.A., 1991, "Part/Whole I: History" in Burkhardt, H., and Smith, B., eds., Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. Muenchen: Philosophia Verlag.
• （英文） Casati, R., and Varzi, A., 1999. Parts and Places: the structures of spatial representation. MIT Press.
• （英文） Eberle, Rolf, 1970. Nominalistic Systems. Kluwer.
• （英文） Forrest, Peter, 2002, "Nonclassical mereology and its application to sets, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 43: 79-94.
• （英文） Hovda, Paul, 2008, "What is classical mereology?", Journal of Philosophical Logic, http://www.springerlink.com/content/76l18850p2325p16/
• （英文） Goodman, Nelson, 1977 (1951). The Structure of Appearance. Kluwer.
• （英文） -------, and Willard Quine, 1947, "Steps toward a constructive nominalism," Journal of Symbolic Logic 12: 97-122.
• （英文）Gruszczynski R., and Pietruszczak A., 2008, "Full development of Tarski's geometry of solids, （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 14:481-540. The paper presents a system of geometry based on Lesniewski's mereology. Basic properties of mereological structures are also given.
• （英文） Husserl, Edmund, 1970. Logical Investigations, Vol. 2. Findlay, J.N., trans. Routledge.
• （英文） Lewis, David K., 1991. Parts of Classes. Blackwell.
• （英文） Leonard, H.S., and Goodman, Nelson, 1940, "The calculus of individuals and its uses," Journal of Symbolic Logic 5: 45–55.
• （英文） Nicolas, David "Mass nouns and plural logic", "Linguistics and Philosophy" 31.2, pp.211-244, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120219021719/http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf
• （英文） Leśniewski, Stanisław, 1992. Collected Works. Surma, S.J., Srzednicki, J.T., Barnett, D.I., and Rickey, V.F., editors and translators. Kluwer.
• （英文）Lucas, J. R., 2000. Conceptual Roots of Mathematics. Routledge. Chpts. 9.12 and 10 discuss mereology, mereotopology, and the related theories of A.N. Whitehead, all strongly influenced by the unpublished writings of David Bostock.
• （英文）Pietruszczak A., 1996, "Mereological sets of distributive classes," Logic and Logical Philosophy 4:105-122. The paper shows how one can, by means of mereology, construct mathematical entities which are built from set theoretical classes.
• （英文）Pietruszczak A., 2005, "Pieces of mereology," Logic and Logical Philosophy 14:211-234. The paper presents basic mathematical properties of Lesniewski's mereology.
• （英文）Potter, Michael, 2004. Set Theory and Its Philosophy. Oxford Univ. Press.
• （英文） Simons, Peter, 1987. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oxford Univ. Press.
• （英文） Srzednicki, J. T. J., and Rickey, V. F., eds., 1984. Lesniewski's Systems: Ontology and Mereology. Kluwer.
• （英文） Tarski, Alfred, 1984 (1956), "Foundations of the Geometry of Solids" in his Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers 1923–38. Woodger, J., and Corcoran, J., eds. and trans. Hackett.
• （英文） Varzi, Achille C., 2007, "Spatial Reasoning and Ontology: Parts, Wholes, and Locations （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" in Aiello, M. et al, eds., Handbook of Spatial Logics. Springer-Verlag: 945-1038.
• （英文） Whitehead, A.N., 1916, "La Theorie Relationiste de l'Espace," Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 23: 423-454. Translated as Hurley, P.J., 1979, "The relational theory of space," Philosophy Research Archives 5: 712-741.
• （英文）------, 1919. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed., 1925.
• （英文）------, 1920. The Concept of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2004 paperback, Prometheus Books. Being the 1919 Tarner Lectures delivered at Trinity College, Cambridge.
• （英文）------, 1978 (1929). Process and Reality. Free Press.
• （英文） Woodger, J. H., 1937. The Axiomatic Method in Biology. Cambridge Univ. Press.

外部連結

• （英文）斯坦福哲學百科全書（Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy）：
  • （英文）"Mereology （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" – Achille Varzi.
  • （英文）"Boundary （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）" – Achille Varzi.
  • （英文）Synergy and Dysergy in Mereologic Geometries"[1]" - Albert Carpenter