阿布·貝克爾·拉齊

阿布·貝克爾·拉齊
出生	854 CE 波斯雷伊
逝世	932或925 CE 波斯雷伊
時代	伊斯蘭黃金時代
地區	伊斯蘭哲學
學派	Persian science, Islamic medicine
主要領域	化學, 醫學, 哲學
著名思想	Discovered alcohol (ethanol) in its pure form, the first to produce 酸 such as 硫酸, writing up limited or extensive notes on diseases such as 天花 and 水痘, a pioneer in 眼科學, author of first book on pediatrics, making leading contributions in 無機化合物 and 有機化學, also the author of several philosophical works

阿布·貝克爾·穆罕默德·扎卡里亞·拉齊（波斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى‎，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；865年—925年），波斯醫師、鍊金術師、化學家、哲學家。他博學多才，為早期醫學、化學、音樂和哲學領域做出很大貢獻。醫學方面，他發現天花與麻疹是兩種不同的疾病，並最早闡明了過敏和免疫的原理。化學上，他發現乙醇，並認為元素嬗變為金銀是可能的。他創立了完善的蒸餾和提取方法，並通過蒸餾綠礬（油）和石油，分別發現硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部書籍和文章，記載了他在各領域的探索。

擴展閱讀

第一手文獻

拉齊所作

• Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950 [2014-10-19]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2019-01-28）. 
• See C. Brockelmann for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21.
• Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published.
• Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978. 

他人所作

• Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq.
• Sa'id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33
• Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78
• J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50.
• Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936
• Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932
• Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177
• Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21
• Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291
• Ibn Khallikan, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47
• Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50
• Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263
• Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah).

第二手文獻

• G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68.
• Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24.
• Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319.
• Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47
• H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44).
• E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181.
• S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93.
• Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900)
• Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27.
• Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq.
• Abdurrahman Badawi, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228.
• Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101.
• E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53.
• M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq.
• F. Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98.
• L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54.
• H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq.
• A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4.
• Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16.
• Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased.
• Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9. 
• M. M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy
• Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大學出版社, 61-94.(1992)
• Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi

百科全書

• Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. AL-ḤĀWI. Encyclopaedia Iranica 1. ISBN 0-933273-54-1. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-13）. 
• Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska).

外部連結

• al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker.
• Levity.com （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Payvand.com （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
• Google Books Search （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, "Doubt: A History" p. 229
• "Lives of the Physicians" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.