蘇聯對基督徒的迫害
在整個蘇聯的歷史中，東正教等基督教各宗派及其團體都受到壓制和迫害，只是隨着時期不同而程度有別。這種迫害有着馬克思列寧主義和無神論的治國方針的內因，在這種理論的驅使下，蘇聯政府一直主張對宗教採取控制、打壓甚至消滅的手段。[1]
共產黨員出於消滅宗教的偏執[2][3]，蘇聯政府對教堂、清真寺和猶太教堂進行大量平毀。政府還通過各種手段嘲笑、騷擾和處決宗教領袖，在學校和媒體大量宣傳無神論的聲音，說無神論是社會唯一應當信奉的真理[4][5]。
James M. Nelson估計蘇聯的國家無神論政策下被消滅的基督徒大約在一千二百到二千萬之間[6][7][8]。 但是，在相當多的人群當中仍在持續着宗教行為[4]，它們不僅存在於私人空間也存在於政府允許的有限公共空間裏，這些公共空間是政府在意識到不可能根除宗教，強行蠻幹只會惹來無窮的文化戰爭後給予的。[2][9]
參考文獻[編輯]
引用[編輯]
- ^ 存档副本. [2014-02-12]. （原始內容存檔於2004-08-16）.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Daniel, Wallace L. "Father Aleksandr men and the struggle to recover Russia's heritage." Demokratizatsiya 17.1 (2009)
- ^ Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50
- ^ Haskins, Ekaterina V. "Russia's postcommunist past: the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the reimagining of national identity." History and Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 21.1 (2009)
- ^ 」Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.」, James M. Nelson, 「Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality」 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Springer, 2009, ISBN 0-387-87572-7, p. 427
- ^ 」In all, it is estimated that some 15 to 20 million Christians were martyred under the Soviet regime」, David Barrett, 「World Christian Trends」, Pasadena: William Carey Library, 2001, cited by David Taylor, 」21 Signs of His Coming: Major Biblical Prophecies Being Fulfilled In Our Generation」 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Taylor Publishing Group, 2009, ISBN 0-9762933-4-X, p. 220
- ^ 」over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps」, Todd M. Johnson, 「Christian Martyrdom: A global demographic assessment「 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, p. 4
- ^ John Shelton Curtis, The Russian Church and the Soviet State (Boston: Little Brown, 1953); Jane Ellis, The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986); Dimitry V. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church Under the Soviet Regime 1917-1982 (St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1984); idem., A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies (New York; St. Martin’s Press, 1987); Glennys Young, Power and the Sacred in Revolutionary Russia: Religious Activists in the Village (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997); Daniel Peris, Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); William B. Husband, 「Godless Communists」: Atheism and Society in Soviet Russia (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000; Edward Roslof, Red Priests: Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution, 1905-1946 (Bloomington, Indiana, 2002)
來源[編輯]
- And God Created Lenin: Marxism vs. Religion in Russia, 1917-1929. Author : Paul Gabel ISBN 1-59102-306-8 [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless Author : Daniel Peris Publisher: Cornell University Press ISBN 0-8014-3485-8 ISBN 978-0-8014-3485-3 [2] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization Author : Paul Froese Publisher: University of California Press ISBN 0-520-25529-1 ISBN 978-0-520-25529-6 [3] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival Author : Christopher Marsh ISBN 1-4411-1247-2 ISBN 978-1-4411-1247-7
- Russian Society and the Orthodox Church: Religion in Russia after Communism Author : Zoe Knox Publisher: Routledge (August 13, 2009)ISBN 0-415-54616-8 ISBN 978-0-415-54616-4 [4] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- "Godless communists": atheism and society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932 Author : William Husband Publisher: Northern Illinois University Press ISBN 0-87580-257-5 ISBN 978-0-87580-257-2 [5] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Secularism Soviet Style: Teaching Atheism and Religion in a Volga Republic Author : Sonja Luehrmann Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN 0-253-35698-9 ISBN 978-0-253-35698-7
- Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia Author : Victoria Frede Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0-299-28444-1 ISBN 978-0-299-28444-2 [6] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- After Atheism: Religion and Ethnicity in Russia and Central Asia (Caucasus World) Author : David C. Lewis Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0-312-22692-6 ISBN 978-0-312-22692-3 [7] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution Author : Vera Shevzov Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 0-19-533547-3 ISBN 978-0-19-533547-7 [8] （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- The Heart of Russia: Trinity-Sergius, Monasticism, and Society after 1825 Author: Scott M. Kenworthy Oxford University Press, USA ISBN 978-0-19-973613-3
- State Secularism and Lived Religion in Soviet Russia and Ukraine Editor: Catherine Wanner Oxford University Press USA ISBN 978-0-19-993763-9
外部連結[編輯]
- Lenin's letter to Molotov on Shuia crisis （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Letters of Metropolitan Sergii of Vilnius （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Butovo site of mass executions of Orthodox Clergy - One thousand of those killed here are known to have died for their Orthodox faith. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Post Soviet challenges for the Russian Orthodox Church （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Library of Congress articles on the Soviet archives （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Link to Russian Archives
- Н.Е. Емельянов Оценка статистики гонений на Русскую Православную Церковь (1917–1952 годы) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）