非洲大蝸牛科
瑪瑙螺科 化石時期：
| |
|---|---|
| |
| 非洲大蝸牛 | |
科學分類 
| |
| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 亞群： | 泛有肺亞群 Panpulmonata |
| 總目： | 真有肺總目 Eupulmonata |
| 目： | 柄眼目 Stylommatophora |
| 亞目： | 瑪瑙螺亞目 Achatinina |
| 總科： | 瑪瑙螺總科 Achatinoidea |
| 科： | 瑪瑙螺科 Achatinidae Swainson, 1840[2] |
| 屬 | |
非洲大蝸牛科又名瑪瑙螺科（學名：Achatinidae）包括超過100個屬，都是原生於非洲的大型和中型陸生蝸牛，成蝸每年可以產3-6次卵，每次產卵因體形不同，每次產卵約50-500顆。
分佈[編輯]
解剖學[編輯]
分類學[編輯]
該科分類在非正式群體彎尿道亞目下，屬於柄眼亞目、真肺目，下領四個亞科[4]。
2017年，根據《布歇特等人的腹足類分類》，原來柄眼目之下的四大分類重組，本科成為了瑪瑙螺亞目的成員之餘，下領八個亞科的鑽頭螺科亦被併入本科[5]。因此，非洲大蝸牛科成為了一個下領12個亞科的龐大分類，而不少亞科之下又再細分為多個族。
亞科[編輯]
以下為非洲大蝸牛科之下的12個亞科：
- 瑪瑙螺亞科 Achatininae Swainson, 1840：異名包括Urceidae Chaper, 1884及Ampullidae Winckworth, 1945
- Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
- Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
- Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
- 鑽螺亞科 Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
- Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
- Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
- Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
- 芻螺亞科 Rumininae Wenz, 1923
- Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- 鑽頭螺亞科 Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
- Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
屬[編輯]
_(4427629258).jpg)
Subfamily Achatininae Swainson, 1840
» Tribe Achatinini Swainson, 1840 » Genus Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Archachatina Albers, 1850 » Genus Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888 » Genus Bequaertina Mead, 1994 » Genus Brownisca Mead, 2004 » Genus Bruggenina Mead, 2004 » Genus Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889 » Genus Cochlitoma A. Férussac, 1821 » Genus Leptocalina Bequaert, 1950 » Genus Leptocallista Pilsbry, 1904 » Genus Lignus Gray, 1834 » Genus Metachatina Pilsbry, 1904 » Genus Pseudachatina Albers, 1850 » Genus Achatinus Montfort, 1810 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Achatium Link, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Agathina J. Férussac, 1807 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Burtopsis Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889 » Genus Euaethiops Clench & Archer, 1930 accepted as Achatina (Euaethiopina) Bequaert, 1950 » Genus Eutaxis Ancey, 1888 accepted as Atopocochlis Crosse & P. Fischer, 1888 » Genus Geodes Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Livinhacia Crosse, 1889 accepted as Burtoa Bourguignat, 1889 » Genus Megachatina Bequaert & Clench, 1936 accepted as Archachatina (Calachatina) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Archachatina Albers, 1850 » Genus Oncaea Gistel, 1848 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Parachatina Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Pseudotrochus Mörch, 1852 accepted as Lignus Gray, 1834 » Genus Serpaea Bourguignat, 1889 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Genus Urceus Mörch, 1857 accepted as Achatina Lamarck, 1799 » Tribe Callistoplepini Mead, 1994 » Genus Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888 » Genus Leptocala Ancey, 1888 » Genus Ganomidos d'Ailly, 1896 accepted as Callistoplepa Ancey, 1888 » Genus Petitia Jousseaume, 1884 accepted as Leptocala Ancey, 1888 » Tribe Limicolariini Schileyko, 1999 » Genus Columna Perry, 1811 » Genus Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817 » Genus Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910 » Genus Perideriopsis Putzeys, 1898 accepted as Limicolaria Schumacher, 1817 » Genus Rebmanniella Preston, 1911 accepted as Limicolariopsis d'Ailly, 1910
Genus Arabicolaria Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016 † Subfamily Coeliaxinae Pilsbry, 1907
» Genus Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865 » Genus Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Neosubulina E.A. Smith, 1898 » Genus Bathyaxis Ancey, 1887 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865 » Genus Microbeliscus Weyrauch, 1964 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Nannobeliscus Weyrauch, 1967 accepted as Ischnocion Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Sphalerostoma Girard, 1892 accepted as Coeliaxis H. Adams & Angas, 1865
Subfamily Cryptelasminae Germain, 1916
» Genus Cryptelasmus Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Thomea Girard, 1893
Subfamily Glessulinae Godwin-Austin, 1920
» Genus Glessula E. von Martens, 1860 » Genus Electra Albers, 1850 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860 » Genus Jadukamia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Glessula E. von Martens, 1860
Genus Lissachatina Bequaert, 1950 Subfamily Opeatinae Thiele, 1931
» Genus Eremopeas Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Opeas Albers, 1850
Genus Pacaudiella Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2016 † Subfamily Petriolinae Schileyko, 1999
» Genus Bocageia Girard, 1893 » Genus Ceras Dupuis & Putzeys, 1901 » Genus Chilonopsis Fischer von Waldheim, 1848 » Genus Cleostyla Dall, 1896 » Genus Comoropeas Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Dictyoglessula Pilsbry, 1919 » Genus Homorus Albers, 1850 » Genus Ischnoglessula Pilsbry, 1919 » Genus Itiopiana Preston, 1910 » Genus Kempioconcha Preston, 1913 » Genus Liobocageia Pilsbry, 1919 » Genus Mabilliella Ancey, 1886 » Genus Nothapalinus Connolly, 1923 » Genus Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897 » Genus Oleata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959 » Genus Oreohomorus Pilsbry, 1919 » Genus Petriola Dall, 1905 » Genus Subuliniscus Pilsbry, 1919 » Genus Subulona E. von Martens, 1889 » Genus Kempia Preston, 1913 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913 » Genus Kenia Preston, 1911 accepted as Nothapalus E. von Martens, 1897 » Genus Pileata L. Ortiz de Zarate & R. Ortiz de Zarate, 1959 accepted as Subulona E. von Martens, 1889 » Genus Pseudocerastus Germain, 1918 accepted as Kempioconcha Preston, 1913 » Genus Trichodina Ancey, 1888 accepted as Petriola Dall, 1905
Subfamily Pyrgininae Germain, 1916
» Genus Pseudobalea Shuttleworth, 1854 » Genus Pyrgina Greef, 1882
Subfamily Rishetiinae Schileyko, 1999
» Genus Bacillum Theobald, 1870 » Genus Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946 » Genus Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 » Genus Tortaxis Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Dikrangia Godwin-Austen, 1920 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 » Genus Ranibania Schileyko & Kuznetsov, 1996 accepted as Rishetia Godwin-Austen, 1920 (objective synonym) » Genus Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906 accepted as Eutomopeas Pilsbry, 1946
Subfamily Rumininae Wenz, 1923
» Genus Balfouria Crosse, 1885 » Genus Krapfiella Preston, 1911 » Genus Lubricetta F. Haas, 1928 » Genus Namibiella Zilch, 1954 » Genus Riebeckia E. von Martens, 1883 » Genus Rumina Risso, 1826 » Genus Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902 » Genus Cylindrina Schlüter, 1838 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826 » Genus Eburnea Mousson, 1888 accepted as Xerocerastus Kobelt & Möllendorff, 1902 » Genus Orbitina Risso, 1826 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826 » Genus Sira A. Schmidt, 1855 accepted as Rumina Risso, 1826
Subfamily Stenogyrinae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
» Genus Chryserpes Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Cupulella Aguayo & Jaume, 1948 » Genus Dolicholestes Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Lyobasis Pilsbry, 1903 » Genus Neobeliscus Pilsbry, 1896 » Genus Obeliscus H. Beck, 1837 » Genus Ochroderma Ancey, 1885 » Genus Ochrodermatina Thiele, 1931 » Genus Ochrodermella Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Plicaxis Sykes, 1903 » Genus Promoussonius Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Protobeliscus Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Rhodea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 » Genus Stenogyra Shuttleworth, 1854 » Genus Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896 » Genus Zoniferella Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Oxycheilus Albers, 1850 accepted as Synapterpes Pilsbry, 1896 » Genus Rhodina de Morgan, 1885 accepted as Plicaxis Sykes, 1903
Subfamily Subulininae P. Fischer & Crosse, 1877
» Genus Allopeas H.B. Baker, 1935 » Genus Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961 » Genus Curvella Chaper, 1885 » Genus Dysopeas H.B. Baker, 1927 » Genus Euonyma Melvill & Ponsonby, 1896 » Genus Fortuna Schlickum & Strauch, 1972 » Genus Hypolysia Melvill & Ponsonby, 1901 » Genus Lamellaxis Strebel & Pfeffer, 1882 » Genus Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837 » Genus Leptopeas H.B. Baker, 1927 » Genus Micropeas Connolly, 1923 » Genus Neoglessula Pilsbry, 1909 » Genus Paropeas Pilsbry, 1906 » Genus Pelatrinia Pilsbry, 1907 » Genus Prosopeas Mörch, 1876 » Genus Pseudoglessula O. Boettger, 1892 » Genus Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899 » Genus Striosubulina Thiele, 1933 » Genus Subulina H. Beck, 1837 » Genus Vegrandinia Salvador, Cunha & Simone, 2013 » Genus Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 » Genus Chilogymnus Ehrenberg, 1831 (taxon inquirendum) » Genus Beccaria Bourguignat, 1883 accepted as Pseudopeas Putzeys, 1899 » Genus Chilogymnus Jousseaume, 1894 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym) » Genus Diaopeas F. Haas, 1962 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961 » Genus Hapalus Albers, 1850 accepted as Curvella Chaper, 1885 » Genus Nothus Albers, 1850 accepted as Leptinaria H. Beck, 1837 » Genus Obeliscella Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Zootecus Westerlund, 1887 (junior synonym) » Genus Synopeas Jousseaume, 1889 accepted as Beckianum H.B. Baker, 1961
- Subfamily Thyrophorellinae Girard, 1895
- Genus Thyrophorella Greeff, 1882
參考文獻[編輯]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 "Family summary for Achatinidae". AnimalBase, last change 24-11-2007, accessed 3 August 2010
- ^ Swainson W. J. (1840). A treatise on malacology161: 334.
- ^ Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
- ^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
外部連結[編輯]
 |
維基共享資源上的相關多媒體資源：非洲大蝸牛科 |
- Lots of African Snail Pictures
- Achatinoidea pictures
- Excellent site (in German) （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Achatinidae （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- Extensive information on Achatina and Archachatina in captivity with a helpful forum. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
- US Dept of Agriculture （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
|