蛇颈龟科

蛇颈龟科; 化石时期：阿尔布阶至现代 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	枯叶龟
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	爬行纲 Reptilia
目：	龟鳖目 Testudines
亚目：	侧颈龟亚目 Pleurodira
科：	蛇颈龟科 Chelidae; Gray, 1831
属
	见文内

蛇颈龟科（Chelidae），亦称侧颈龟科是龟鳖目下侧颈龟亚目现存的三科之一。^[2]该科龟类分布于澳大利亚、新几内亚、印度尼西亚部分地区和南美洲大部分地区。该科是龟鳖目下的一个大科，化石历史可以追溯到白垩纪。该科龟类全部（包括现存物种及化石）位于从前的冈瓦纳大陆，此外的其他地区没有发现任何蛇颈龟科动物。^[3]

描述[编辑]

像所有的侧颈亚目龟类一样，该科龟类的脖颈缩回时全部侧向折回。

该科最小的物种包括16厘米（6.3英寸）长的墨累澳龟、^[4]18厘米（7.1英寸）长的南美扁头龟和15厘米（5.9英寸）长的澳洲短颈龟，最大的物种则有枫叶龟和白喉癞颈龟，二者的背壳长度都可达45厘米（18英寸）。^[5]

壳[编辑]

蛇颈龟科的背壳都很独特，^[6]原因可能是他们不需要大的背最长肌。^[7]同时其背壳也很坚固，这是其一种保护机制，增加了对外界冲击的抵抗力，但也有人认为这是为了这与其进食方式和其他一些因素有关系。^[7]

蛇颈龟科背壳的盾板和骨骼
蛇颈龟科腹甲的盾板和骨骼

分类[编辑]

该科约有20属，60余种龟。以下依据1998年乔治斯等人的研究：^[8]

亚科：东澳蛇颈龟亚科（Chelodininae）
- 属：†Birlimarr （Megirian&Murray 1999^[9]）
- 属：小长颈龟属（Fitzinger 1826）
- 属：癞颈龟属（Gray 1867年^[10]）
- 属：澳龟属 (Bonaparte 1836）
- 属：隐龟属 (Cann&Legler, 1994^[11]）
- 属：宽胸癞颈龟属（Thomson&Georges 2009^[12]）
- 属：拟澳龟属 (Siebenrock 1901^[13]）
- 属：溪龟属 (Legler&Cann 1980^[14]）
亚科：蛇颈龟亚科（Chelidinae）
- 属：蛇颈龟属(Duméril 1806)
- 属：刺颈龟属 (Gray 1873^[15]）
- 属：中龟属（Gray, 1873）
- 属：蟾头龟属（Wagner 1830）
- 属：扁龟属（Wagner 1830）
- 属：红腿蟾头龟属（Wagner 1830）
- 属：†Bonapartemys (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001^[16]）
- 属：†Lomalatachelys (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001^[16]）
- 属：†Prochelidella (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001^[16]）
- 属：†Palaeophrynops (Lapparent de Broin&de la Fuente 2001^[16]）
- 属：†Parahydraspis (Wieland 1923^[17]）
- 属：†Linderochelys （de la Fuente et al. 2007）
亚科：渔龟亚科（Hydromedusinae）
- 属：渔龟属（Wagler 1830）
- 属：†Yaminuechelys （de la Fuente et al. 2001）

种系发生[编辑]

该科现存物种的种系发生基于1998年乔治斯等人的研究：^[8]

蛇颈龟科

渔龟亚科

渔龟属

蛇颈龟亚科

蛇颈龟属

蟾头龟属

	红腿蟾头龟属

	中龟属

	扁龟属

	刺颈龟属

东澳蛇颈龟亚科

	澳龟属

	癞颈龟属

参考资料[编辑]

^ Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.
^ Obst, Fritz Jurgen. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. , 编. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 111–112. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
^ Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.
^ Cann, J. (2008) Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide, Qld, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.
^ Thomson, S., Georges, A. and C. Limpus, (2006). A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5(1):74-86.
^ Thomson, S. and Georges, A. 1996. Neural bones in chelid turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:82-86.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Thomson S. 2003. Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory. World Chelonian Trust （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Georges, A.; J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan (1998) A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 213-246
^ Megirian, D. and Murray, P. 1999. Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species. The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) 15:75–130.
^ Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.
^ Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.
^ Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.
^ Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.
^ Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.
^ Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.
^ ^16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.
^ Wieland, G. R. 1923. A new Parana Pleurodiran. American Journal of Science. 5(25):1-15.

外部链接[编辑]

Chelidae
冈瓦纳龟类（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[gray31-1] Gray, J. E. 1831. Synopsis Reptilium or short descriptions of the species of reptiles. Part 1. Cataphracta, tortoises, crocodiles, and enaliosaurians. London. 85 pp.

[EoR-2] Obst, Fritz Jurgen. Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. , 编. Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 111–112. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[GT-3] Georges, A., & Thomson, S. 2006. Evolution and Zoogeography of Australian freshwater turtles. In: Merrick, J.R., Archer, M., Hickey, G., and Lee, M. (eds.), Evolution and Zoogeography of Australasian Vertebrates. Sydney: Australia.

[4] Cann, J. (2008) Freshwater Turtles: A Wild Australia Guide, Qld, Australia: Steve Parish Publishing, p. 46.

[TG-5] Thomson, S., Georges, A. and C. Limpus, (2006). A New Species of Freshwater Turtle in the Genus Elseya (Testudines: Chelidae) from Central Coastal Queensland, Australia. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 5(1):74-86.

[tg96-6] Thomson, S. and Georges, A. 1996. Neural bones in chelid turtles. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2:82-86.

[st06-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Thomson S. 2003. Long necks, flat heads and the evolution of piscivory. World Chelonian Trust （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[GBS-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Georges, A.; J. Birrell, K. M. Saint, W. McCord und S. C. Donnellan (1998) A phylogeny for side-necked turtles (Chelonia: Pleurodira) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequence variation Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 67: 213-246

[meg99-9] Megirian, D. and Murray, P. 1999. Chelid turtles (Pleurodira, Chelidae) from the Miocene Camfield Beds, Northern Territory of Australia, with a description of a new genus and species. The Beagle (Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory) 15:75–130.

[JEG67-10] Gray, J.E. (1867) Description of a new Australian tortoise (Elseya latisternum). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 20: 43-45.

[Can-11] Cann, J. and Legler, J.M. (1994). The Mary River Tortoise: a new genus and species of short-necked chelid from Queensland, Australia (Testudines; Pleurodira). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 1(2):81-96.

[Th1-12] Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (2009) Myuchelys gen. nov. — a new genus for Elseya latisternum and related forms of Australian freshwater turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira: Chelidae) Zootaxa 2053: 32–42.

[SE1-13] Seibenrock, F. 1901. Beschreibung einer neuen schildkrotengattung aus der familie Chelydidae aus Australien: Pseudemydura. Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 38:248-251.

[Leg-14] Legler, J.M. & Cann, J. 1980. A new species of chelid turtle from Queensland, Australia. Contributions to Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 324:1-18.

[GR1-15] Gray, J.E. 1873. Observations on chelonians, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)11:289-308.

[BF1-16] 16.0 ^16.1 ^16.2 ^16.3 Broin, F. de. and de la Fuente, M.S. 2001. Oldest world Chelidae (Chelonii, Pleurodira), from the Cretaceous Patagonia, Argentina. Palaeontology 333:463-470.

[wei23-17] Wieland, G. R. 1923. A new Parana Pleurodiran. American Journal of Science. 5(25):1-15.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]