那可拿

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那可拿Narconon)是一个全程住宿式的毒品与药物康复计划,在世界各地有几十个治疗中心,主要是在美国,该中心在台湾的注册名称为财团法人山达基教会

每个那可拿中心是生活与教育改善协会授权下,独立拥有和经营的。[1]。事实上,那可拿是由山达基教会控制,由信徒经营,是山达基的清新扩展计划的委员之一,帮助建立山达基世界。美国国税局把那可拿归立为山达基有关单位,大约一成收入上献作为使用权费用。

山达基以及其附属组织推出的“民俗疗法”及“偏方”在国外引起相当大的争议。[2][3][4]

山达基以及其附属组织(以下简称本组织)宣称主流的医学对于本组织的“偏方”存有偏见,因此那些“鼓吹用药的医学专家学者无法相信本组织能提供一种不需服药就能治百病的疗法。”[5] 本组织表示那些对于本组织的诋毁皆是肇因于自身的偏见人格所致。[6]也因此那些人是“药物滥用的拥护者,不是在吸毒就是在贩毒”。[7] 本组织的“旨在脱离药物使用”的偏方被专家学者形容为“从医学理论与实务上来说都是危险的、[8]强不知以为知[9][10][11] 以及假医治、真诈财(medical fraud)[12]”, 医学界专家也认为本组织的“教育计划”的内容“毫无医学知识可言,从基本的药物对生理、心理的交互作用及药物滥用都与具有科学实证的医学证据相违背,其中甚至连用词都出现张冠李戴的情形”。[13]

英国加拿大德国法国俄罗斯中华人民共和国等国,山达基并没有宗教地位而被视为营利组织。

那可拿的危险性[编辑]

医学专家指出,那可拿计划是可以致死的。亚利桑那州立监狱健康管理员理查德·普拉特在访问中说:“我担忧这些疗法,特别是桑拿,可以杀人。”[14]

2012年4月17日,加拿大魁北克省下令那可拿三河市中心关门,把32名戒治者迁离。经过魁北克认可中心调查后,当地卫生与社会服务处决定不重新认证那可拿,因为那可拿方法“可能危害戒治者的健康”。[15][16] 卫生与社会服务处主任表示,那可拿治疗方法没有科学依据,中心没有医疗监督,违反了许多在魁北克省康复中心的标准,对戒治者做成危险,近几过月最少有四个人因为那可拿使用的方法而要被送入医院治疗。[17]

2012 年9月,美国加州橙县的一间使用那可拿方法的诊所,被控告疏忽、渎职、疏于监管。中心职员要原告停止使用医生给他的精神科药物处方,他因此试图自杀,从诊所三楼阳台跳下,严重受伤。[18]

那可拿中心死亡事件[编辑]

Patrick Desmond,美国乔治亚州,诺克罗斯(2008年)[编辑]

Patrick Desmond是一名前海军陆战队员,因为酒后驾驶被捕,法庭准许他入那可拿代替入狱。2008年6月11日,他在乔治亚州那可拿中心内死于过量海洛因,死时与管房喝醉了,并有两名有海洛因毒瘾记录者在场。他家人控告那可拿过失至死和诈骗,只有门诊牌照却骗法庭是住院设施。[19][20][21]

多宗死亡事件,美国俄克拉何马州,箭头市(2009-2012)[编辑]

2012年8月,匹兹堡县警长[22]、俄克拉何马州心理健康部、俄克拉何马州调查局[23]开始进行​​调查箭头市那可拿中心的死亡事件,三个病人在九个月内死亡。[24][25][26][27][28]

根据山达基教会对那可拿的介绍中所述:“除了是全球最大的住宿型毒品戒治中心之外,箭头那可拿也是国际训练中心,训练戒毒专家。自开幕以来,已在当地提供训练来自13个国家及美国43州的专业人士。”[29]

Kaysie Dianne Werninck (2009年3月3日)[编辑]

Kaysie父母起诉那可拿,声称她的死因是“被告的重大过失”,案件庭外解决。[30]

Gabriel Graves (2011年10月26日)[编辑]

一份当地报纸向俄克拉何马州心理健康部要求Gabriel的开放记录,揭露了在中心内有毒品使用和分发。在他的验尸记录上,他的死亡原因是“未知”。[31]

Hillary Holten (2012年4月11日)[编辑]

Hillary父母据起诉那可拿,称她的死亡是由于缺乏医疗照顾,诉讼内容指出,她有“先天性肾上腺增生症”的历史,需要每天服用地塞米松,在极端的情况下,要注射可的松液,那可拿没有妥善处理她的健康状况。[32][33]

Stacy Murphy (2012年7月19日)[编辑]

Stacy的父亲说,那可拿人员告诉他,当他的女儿被发现单独死在“排毒”房间时,她已经两个半小时没有受检查了。 他说:“这是过长了,如果他们认为她吸毒过量,为什么没有其他人一直看着她?我们送她到那里是转好,而不是死。”[34]

Stacy死亡时同在中心居住的一名病人说:“没有医生,没有员工是护士,没有这些东西的……工作人员都是前患者……我的理解是,差不多每一个员工都是前病人……他们找不到可以救活Stacy的药物,或是没有一个人知道如何用药。”向警方和媒体交谈后,现在他害怕报复:“我怕生命有危险。”[35]

室友Destanie Ramsey,在Stacy死亡之夜打电话报警,为了要离开中心,她说她被关押,违反了她的意愿。[36]

对那可拿的指控[编辑]

职员以毒品换性交[编辑]

死在美国俄克拉何马州箭头市那可拿中心的Gabriel Graves,死前对母亲说过,那里是他所到过的地方最容易得到毒品之一,有职员用毒品换取与病人性交。一名前病人和一名前职员也说出类似的事件。那可拿代表则强烈否认。Gabriel 也曾对母亲说那可拿尝试使他改信山达基,是整个那可拿的目标。,[37]

Heather Landmeier 在三次不同时间分别到那可拿接受治疗,她家人通过律师声称,第三次当她毒瘾发作时有两名全职人员给她毒品以换取性交。当Heather被验出体内有毒品后,于2008年3月5日被踢出俄克拉何马州箭头市那可拿中心,而家人却没有接到通知。被踢出那可拿数小时后,她在饭店吸毒过量,现在是植物人。她家人提出民事诉讼,律师相信那可拿高管是知情的,但隐瞒这些事件,让它们继续发生,隐藏在职员记录之中。[38]

诈骗医疗保险[编辑]

2013年4月,美国乔治亚州保险业监理专员与地检处人员突击搜查当地那可拿中心,保险专员在调查过程中表示:“我们有可靠资料指出,那可拿正在诈骗医疗保险。”一名戒治者家人说那可拿给保险公司的账单出现从未给予的治 疗,而账单上的医生说从没有见过戒治者。[39]

反毒宣导[编辑]

那可拿的反毒宣导因为渗入了山达基信仰和有不正确资料,在世界各地被拒绝。

那可拿毫无科学基础地四处宣称服下的药物将永远囤积在人体的脂肪中,但只要去洗三温暖且使用维他命。医学专家严正驳斥这样的谬论,药物并不会储存在脂肪中就算有也是十分微量的,在统计学上无显著意义,更不可能透过洗三温暖“催汗”来代谢药物。 [40]截至2005年,医界的共识是:“山达基的所谓健康宣导内容,是毫无任何医学根据的。”[40]

佛罗里达州[编辑]

1999年,清水湾来的山达基人试图把那可拿反毒教育计划实施在皮内拉斯县学区,经过公听会后,学区委员会拒绝让学生参与,他们举出该反毒计划基于山达基始创人罗恩·贺伯特的教诲,有情绪阶和其它不宜学校的信仰。[41]

加利福尼亚州[编辑]

2004年,那可拿免费提供反毒宣导给州立学校。旧金山记事报在2004年6月9和10日登载了一连串文章后,加州学区官员调查那可拿的主张,发现那可拿计划没有反映依据医学和科学的做法,并对使用和滥用药物提供误导性的资料。[42][43] 调查的结果,州督学杰克·奥康奈尔于2005年2月23日正式建议,所有州立学校拒绝那可拿反毒计划。[44] 加州医学协会的500名医生一致通过支持这个决定。[45]

夏威夷州[编辑]

基于加州的调查,夏威夷州教育局不准许那可拿主办反毒宣导。[46]

英国[编辑]

英国监狱监察员建议监狱长,那可拿康复程序在监狱中不能使用,但也有一些英国学校在采用那可拿反毒宣导。英国星期日泰晤士报说,这是因为学校不知道山达基教会与那可拿的关连。[47] 在2012年9月,经家长投诉后,英格兰教会在伦敦教区的149间学校被警告不要接受那可拿提供讲课给学生。[48]

台湾[编辑]

新生活教育中心那可拿机构在台湾的分支,位于花莲县寿丰乡盐寮村,世界各地收费以美国的三万三千美元为期三个月为标准,根据当地的生活水平调整。 净耀法师前往美国、墨西哥,实地探访戒治中心及监狱寻找戒毒方法,1998年引进那可拿的监狱版本可明纳(Criminon),在台北监狱进行实验计划。墨西哥和台北的实验计划早已终止,在美国监狱从没有进行。[49][50]

新生活教育中心在花莲看守所开始推行可明纳计划,在台湾翻译为无犯罪计划,直至2009年成立无犯罪促进会,专门替受刑人服务。新生活教育中心亦推行那可拿的一套反毒计划,早期曾经与净耀法师创立的净化文化协会合作到学校宣导,事实上现在两者是没有关系的机构,反毒宣导也不相同。宣传和推销新生活教育中心的机构,先后有2008年成立的那可拿育成顾问社,2013年的中华民国新生活教育推广协会,还有新生活教育协会等。

支持那可拿反毒之机构[编辑]

南台科大蔡福记教官特别邀请山达基教会一同联手合作,举办一场反毒教育讲座活动。[51]

采用教材[编辑]

该促进会所采用的教材称为无犯罪计划,是由四个课程所组成的:

  1. 沟通与面对能力课程,在山达基教会内称为演练常式
  2. 学习技术
  3. 快乐之道课程
  4. 社会人格及反社会人格者课程

那可拿教材并没有毒品和对成瘾者身体影响的基本医学常识,课程取材自山达基教义,甚至完全相同。

快乐之道提倡真实是相对的,这些相对哲学现今被称为诡辩,早在二千多年前已被苏格拉底和他的弟子否定。[52]

快乐之道注重树立好榜样,但作者罗恩·贺伯特特违背了多项自己的指引,他有重婚纪录[53]。根据英国大使馆的调查,贺伯特开设了一所模拟大学,给自己不受到任何承认的博士学位[54]。美国军官协会指控他是多枚紫心勋章的骗子[55]。 1978年,山达基教会的国际“ 白雪行动”被揭露,是当时美国有史已来最大的国内间谍事件,罪行包括在联邦检察官办公室和国内税收服务进行渗透、窃听、窃取文件。 十一名山达基高层主管被判罪二至六年(包括缓刑),贺伯特妻子也在其中,在加拿大被定罪的还未算在内。贺伯特本人被官方称为“未被起诉的同谋者”,至死躲 起来,没有在公众露面。同年,贺伯特在法国的缺席审讯中被判作弊有罪,监禁四年,罚款三万五千,他至死也是法国逃犯。[56]

那可拿的沟通单元,是与教会和那可拿的一系列训练常式相同,例如对烟灰缸大叫多小时要它站起来,旁人会感觉到怪异,其中诱牛常式甚至于闹上法庭,学员控告那可拿助长口头性侵。[57]

根据英国报章监护人[58],学习技术在美国少用,只有在贺伯特管理学院及山达基教会学校,他们全都没有被区域或国家认可。

英国社会学家罗·伊瓦利斯评论说,学习技术是灌输山达基的一个关键因素,用以协助把握教义缓慢的人。其基本原则是,不理解或不同意一篇文章的意义,不是由于文章的错误-比如它是荒谬的-而 是因为读者不理解一个词或概念。读者学习怀疑自己的判断;学习在罗恩贺伯特的写作中找一点意义,毫无疑问他的作品大部分是神化的; 或学习默许接受一半难以理解的声明,希望日后一切都会明确化。极端乏味的“清字”,进一步停顿或抑制个人的关键思想,并使读者准备接受,贺伯特的学说本质 是有意义的。[59]

山达基经文戴尼提里说有2.5%的人类是有反社会人格,因为没有足够的资源打救他们,在山达基世界里可以把他们默默地除去。而人生低潮如上课程没有进展,必然是身边遇到反社会人格者,要把他们找出来隔离,亲友也要断绝。

历史[编辑]

那可拿成立于66年2月19日,其基础是罗恩·贺伯特的“思考的原理”一书,为一个毒品康复计划,用于美国亚利桑那州监狱的吸毒者。那可拿原来不是指一个组织,是指戒毒程序。它的创始人是威廉·贝尼特斯,前亚利桑那州立监狱囚犯,曾犯了与毒品有关连的罪行。[60] 他的工作得到了山达基创始人贺伯特支持,并在1972年创办那可拿组织。[61] 在1973年,那可拿程序变革,在使用维生素和矿物质补充剂的同时,也用了改编自山达基础课程的培训程序。[61]

那可拿与山达基教[编辑]

1988年12月,山达基教会总裁赫柏·延奇,在西班牙被捕,经调查后发现,他和山达基教会诈骗西班牙公民,和在那可拿中心使用不合格的工作人员。[62] 西班牙公民开始频繁的拨打电话至法院,抱怨遭到那可拿蒙蔽。 法官在案件的新闻发布会上说,山达基唯一的上帝的是金钱。他并说,那可拿骗客户和吸引他们到山达基。[63] 1989年,75个山达基信徒在意大利被逮捕,调查表明,“吸毒者父母付出沉重的月费,但没有得到任何回报。”[64]

在早期,那可拿直接使用山达基课程,该组织并由山达基人员直接管理。但当记者或政治家提出了那可拿与山达基的联系,该组织一再处于争议的中心。山达基教会不仅是有严重的公众形象问题,那可拿与山达基的联系更出现了宪法上的疑问,政府机构赞助宗教附属组织是不适当的。 当那可拿处理程序被宣称为医学上不健全的,这些争论进一步加剧,有许多指控那可拿向山达基教会提供了资金筹集和招募计划。[65][66] 1998年3月1至5日,波士顿先驱报一系列暴露了两个与山达基相关的团体,那可拿和世界扫盲运动,使用反毒和学习阅读的计划,以获得进入公立学校的机会,而没有透露他们与山达基的联系。[67][68] 在先驱报告发表后,国际山达基的总统赫柏·延奇,证实该教会的洛杉矶律师事务所聘请了一家私人调查公司,调查该系列记者约瑟夫·马利亚的个人生活,该报导指出多年来,有无数其他事件,在记者们写故事揭露教会的不端行为之后,受到“噪音调查”的骚扰。[68]

为了针对他们被视作一个教会的营销工具,那可拿开发出了自己的非宗教教材。这些变化通过了数版本,产生了当前的“新生活程式”。虽然这个程式是非常类似源本的山达基课程,但那可拿坚持认为,这完全是“非宗教”的性质,更几乎没有在其出版物上提到山达基。可是,至少有一个那可拿组织介绍自己为FSMs,一个山达基外围职员的缩写。[69]

这些变化并未有平息争议。在1990年代初期,那可拿在俄克拉何马州纽柯克附近,开设了一个大型治疗中心,造成了在当地一家报纸上一系列的批评文章。[70] 俄克拉何马州卫生署要求批准那可拿中心,[71] 但心理健康委员会拒绝,并指出“没有科学的、受到良好控制的、独立的、长期的研究结果,直接和明确地确立那可拿程式的有效性,用于治疗对化学药品的依赖。反而有更可信的证据,证明那可拿的程式无效 ..... 委员会得出结论认为,该程式在医学上是不安全。”[72] 即使纽约时报也写了一篇故事,详细说明这个城市最初的乐观前景,被不信任、沮丧和恐惧取代了。 市民说那可拿不诚实,没有明确声明它与山达基教会的联系、资金的筹措、医疗的资格、及工程的计划。那可拿发言人说,所有的不实报告都来自谎称的市民而且“他们若不是贩卖毒品勾结,便是正在使用毒品。”[73] 那可拿的律师蒂姆·鲍尔斯提出了一系列的法律诉讼,针对俄克拉荷马州的机构和官员,并最终获得位于亚利桑那州的评审委员会和康复设施(CARF)的承认。于1992年,俄克拉何马州的官员同意允许那可拿经营,无需执照。

1999年,山达基在佛罗里达州、清水湾,试图将那可拿毒品教育计划,引入皮内拉斯县学区。 听证会后,在这个问题上,学校区委员会拒绝让学生参加这一项反毒品计划,因为计划的基础是山达基创始人罗恩·贺伯特的教诲,在学校教学生什么“情绪等级表”是不恰当的反毒课程。[74]

参考文献[编辑]

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