礦物質:修订间差异
Hacter Chang(留言 | 贡献) |
Hacter Chang(留言 | 贡献) |
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| [[鎂]] |
| [[鎂]] |
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| 催化[[三磷酸腺苷|ATP]]之合成及[[磷酸化]],300多種[[酶]]展現活性所必需的[[輔因子]],構建[[骨骼]]([[磷酸鎂]]、[[碳酸鎂]]),協助肌肉收縮及神經傳導等 |
| 催化[[三磷酸腺苷|ATP]]之合成及[[磷酸化]],300多種[[酶]]展現活性所必需的[[輔因子]],構建[[骨骼]]([[磷酸鎂]]、[[碳酸鎂]]),協助肌肉收縮及神經傳導等 |
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| 深綠色[[蔬菜]]、[[肉類]]、[[豆類]]、 |
| 深綠色[[蔬菜]]、[[肉類]]、[[豆類]]、{{le|全穀類|Whole grain}}、[[堅果]]、[[花生醬]]、[[酪梨]]等<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnesium—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|publisher=National Institutes of Health|year=2016|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/}}</ref> |
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| [[低血鎂症]] / {{le|高鎂血症|hypermagnesemia}} |
| [[低血鎂症]] / {{le|高鎂血症|hypermagnesemia}} |
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| [[硫]] |
| [[硫]] |
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| 構成多種[[胺基酸]]、[[輔因子]]和[[維生素]],形成構建[[蛋白質]]的[[雙硫鍵]]等 |
| 構成多種[[胺基酸]]、[[輔因子]]和[[維生素]],形成構建[[蛋白質]]的[[雙硫鍵]],[[硫酸根]]參與[[肝臟]][[解毒]]反應及維持[[血液]][[酸鹼平衡]]等 |
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| [[肉類]]、[[家禽]]、[[蛋]]、[[豆類]]、[[堅果]]、[[蔥]]、[[蒜]]、[[洋蔥]]、[[十字花科]][[蔬菜]]等 |
| [[肉類]]、[[家禽]]、[[蛋]]、[[豆類]]、[[堅果]]、[[蔥]]、[[蒜]]、[[洋蔥]]、[[十字花科]][[蔬菜]]等 |
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| [[穀物]]、[[豆類]]、[[堅果]]、[[菠菜]]等[[葉菜類]]、[[茶葉]]、[[咖啡]]、動物[[內臟]]等<ref name="SchlenkerGilbert2014">{{cite book|last1=Schlenker|first1=Eleanor|last2=Gilbert|first2=Joyce Ann|title=Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edBsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|access-date=15 July 2016|date=28 August 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29401-0|pages=162–3}}</ref> |
| [[穀物]]、[[豆類]]、[[堅果]]、[[菠菜]]等[[葉菜類]]、[[茶葉]]、[[咖啡]]、動物[[內臟]]等<ref name="SchlenkerGilbert2014">{{cite book|last1=Schlenker|first1=Eleanor|last2=Gilbert|first2=Joyce Ann|title=Williams' Essentials of Nutrition and Diet Therapy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edBsBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|access-date=15 July 2016|date=28 August 2014|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-29401-0|pages=162–3}}</ref> |
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| {{le|錳缺乏|Manganese deficiency (medicine)}} / {{le|錳中毒|manganism}} |
| {{le|錳缺乏|Manganese deficiency (medicine)}} / {{le|錳中毒|manganism}} |
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| [[碘]] |
| [[碘]] |
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| 合成[[甲狀腺激素]]之必要成分 |
| 合成[[甲狀腺激素]]之必要成分,可調節人體[[新陳代謝]]、促進生長發育 |
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| [[海藻]]([[海帶]]及[[紫菜]]等)、[[貝類]]等[[海鮮]]、[[蛋]]、[[乳製品]]、[[加碘鹽]]等<ref>{{cite web|title=Iodine—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|publisher=National Institutes of Health|year=2016|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/}}</ref> |
| [[海藻]]([[海帶]]及[[紫菜]]等)、[[貝類]]等[[海鮮]]、[[蛋]]、[[乳製品]]、[[加碘鹽]]等<ref>{{cite web|title=Iodine—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|publisher=National Institutes of Health|year=2016|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-HealthProfessional/}}</ref> |
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| [[碘缺乏病]]([[甲狀腺腫]]) / [[碘#危害|碘中毒]]([[甲狀腺功能亢進症]]<ref name="JamesonGroot2015">{{cite book|last1=Jameson|first1=J. Larry|last2=De Groot|first2=Leslie J.|title=Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1510|access-date=14 July 2016|date=25 February 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-32195-2|page=1510}}</ref>) |
| [[碘缺乏病]]([[甲狀腺腫]]) / [[碘#危害|碘中毒]]([[甲狀腺功能亢進症]]<ref name="JamesonGroot2015">{{cite book|last1=Jameson|first1=J. Larry|last2=De Groot|first2=Leslie J.|title=Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1510|access-date=14 July 2016|date=25 February 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-32195-2|page=1510}}</ref>) |
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| [[硒]] |
| [[硒]] |
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| 各種[[硒蛋白]](如[[穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶]]等[[酵素]])之 |
| 各種[[硒蛋白]](如[[穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶]]、[[硫氧還蛋白還原酶]]等[[酵素]])之成分或[[輔因子]] |
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| [[海鮮]]、動物[[內臟]]、[[瘦肉]]、[[堅果]]、[[穀物]]、[[乳製品]]、[[蛋]]等<ref>{{cite web|title=Selenium—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|publisher=National Institutes of Health|year=2016|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/}}</ref> |
| [[海鮮]]、動物[[內臟]]、[[瘦肉]]、[[堅果]]、[[穀物]]、[[乳製品]]、[[蛋]]等<ref>{{cite web|title=Selenium—Fact Sheet for Health Professionals|publisher=National Institutes of Health|year=2016|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/}}</ref> |
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| {{le|硒缺乏|selenium deficiency}} / [[硒#毒性|硒中毒]] |
| {{le|硒缺乏|selenium deficiency}} / [[硒#毒性|硒中毒]] |
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| [[肉類]]、[[肝臟]]、[[海鮮]]如[[貝類]]、[[螃蟹|蟹肉]]等<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/usdandb/VitaminB12-Content.pdf |title=Vitamin B-12 (µg) |date=27 October 2015 |website=USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28 |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161608/https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/usdandb/VitaminB12-Content.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
| [[肉類]]、[[肝臟]]、[[海鮮]]如[[貝類]]、[[螃蟹|蟹肉]]等<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/usdandb/VitaminB12-Content.pdf |title=Vitamin B-12 (µg) |date=27 October 2015 |website=USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28 |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126161608/https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/usdandb/VitaminB12-Content.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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| {{le|鈷缺乏|Cobalt#Cobalt_deficiency}} / {{le|鈷中毒|cobalt poisoning}} |
| {{le|鈷缺乏|Cobalt#Cobalt_deficiency}} / {{le|鈷中毒|cobalt poisoning}} |
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| [[鉻]] |
| [[鉻]] |
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===其他礦物質=== |
===其他礦物質=== |
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很多其他元素 |
除了上述元素被普遍認可為人體必需的膳食礦物質外,很多其他元素也被建議列入人類必須的營養素,但這些元素的確切生理功能或對於人體之必要性大多缺乏決定性證據支持。<ref name=hnf2016a/>以下礦物質的認可與否根據不同的標準而有所差異。 |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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! 元素 |
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! 潛在生理功能 |
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! 過量病症 |
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| [[氟]] |
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| 氟不被認為是人體必需的化學元素,因為其在維持人體生命及生長發育過程中並不具有不可或缺的生理作用。儘管提高氟的攝取量能夠強化[[琺瑯質]]、降低[[齲齒]]率,維持骨質穩定、提高骨質密度。<ref name="nutrition"/>氟化物對牙齒的主要益處在於其將牙齒表面的[[羥基磷灰石]]轉化為更耐酸的[[氟磷灰石]],從而對[[細菌]][[代謝]]產生的酸性物質具有更強的抵抗力。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kakei M, Sakae T, Yoshikawa M |title=Aspects Regarding Fluoride Treatment for Reinforcement and Remineralization of Apatite Crystals |journal=Journal of Hard Tissue Biology |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=475–6 |year=2012 |doi=10.2485/jhtb.21.257 |access-date=1 June 2017|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhtb/21/3/21_257/_pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Loskill P, Zeitz C, Grandthyll S, Thewes N, Müller F, Bischoff M, Herrmann M, Jacobs K |title=Reduced adhesion of oral bacteria on hydroxyapatite by fluoride treatment |journal=Langmuir |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=5528–33 |date=May 2013 |pmid=23556545 |doi=10.1021/la4008558 }}</ref> |
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| {{le|氟化物中毒|Fluoride poisoning}}<br />缺乏症:{{le|氟缺乏|Fluorine deficiency}}([[齲齒]]、[[骨質疏鬆症]]) |
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| [[溴]] |
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| 為合成{{le|IV型膠原蛋白|Type IV collagen}}所必需的[[輔因子]],可能對[[基底膜]]結構和組織發育有重要作用。<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=McCall AS, Cummings CF, Bhave G, Vanacore R, Page-McCaw A, Hudson BG |title=Bromine is an essential trace element for assembly of collagen IV scaffolds in tissue development and architecture |journal=Cell |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=1380–92 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24906154 |pmc=4144415 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.009 }}</ref> |
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| {{le|溴中毒|bromism}} |
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| [[鎳]] |
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| 對部分[[植物]]、[[細菌]]、[[古菌]]和[[真菌]]具有重要生理功能,是多種[[酶]]的必要成分,例如[[脲酶]]和[[氫化酶]]等<ref name="BerdanierDwyer2016">{{cite book|last1=Berdanier|first1=Carolyn D.|last2=Dwyer|first2=Johanna T.|last3=Heber|first3=David|title=Handbook of Nutrition and Food, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MDMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|access-date=3 July 2016|date=19 April 2016|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4665-0572-8|pages=211–26}}</ref>,因此鎳是人體[[腸道菌叢]]中部份菌種(如某些[[雙歧桿菌屬|雙歧桿菌]])之必要營養素。<ref name="SigelSigel2014">{{cite book|last1=Sigel|first1=Astrid|last2=Sigel|first2=Helmut|last3=Sigel|first3=Roland K. O.|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OIlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA349|access-date=4 July 2016|date=27 January 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-7500-8|page=349}}</ref>在人體中,鎳可能是參與[[水解]]、[[氧化還原]]和[[基因]]表達的某些金屬酶之結構成分或[[輔因子]]。缺鎳會阻礙[[山羊]]、[[豬]]和[[綿羊]]的生長,並降低[[大鼠]]體內的循環[[甲狀腺激素]]濃度。<ref name="Medicine2006">{{cite book|author=Institute of Medicine|title=Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYZZTgjDeccC&pg=PA415|access-date=21 June 2016|date=29 September 2006|publisher=National Academies Press|isbn=978-0-309-15742-1|pages=313–19, 415–22}}</ref> |
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| [[镍#毒性|鎳中毒]] |
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| [[硼]] |
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| 對[[植物]]來說屬於必需營養素,能夠維持[[細胞壁]]結構的完整及穩定性,參與[[細胞分裂]],協助[[醣類]]的運輸等。<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/CIS1085.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091001005107/http://info.ag.uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/CIS1085.pdf|archive-date = 1 October 2009| publisher = University of Idaho| title = Essential Plant Micronutrients. Boron in Idaho| first = RL|last = Mahler| access-date= 5 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Functions of Boron in Plant Nutrition|url = http://www.borax.com/agriculture/files/an203.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090320175602/http://www.borax.com/agriculture/files/an203.pdf|archive-date = 20 March 2009|publisher = U.S. Borax Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Blevins DG, Lukaszewski KM |title=Boron in plant structure and function |journal=Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. |volume=49 |pages=481–500 |date=June 1998 |pmid=15012243 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.49.1.481 }}</ref>硼在動物體內是否具有確切的生理功能仍尚屬未知<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml|title = Boron|access-date = 2008-09-18|publisher = PDRhealth |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011101928/http://pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml|archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref><ref name="utrace">{{Cite journal|title = Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation| first = Forrest H.|last = Nielsen|journal =The Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine|volume = 11| issue = 2–3 |pages =251–274| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1998)11:2/3<251::AID-JTRA15>3.0.CO;2-Q|date = 1998}}</ref>,目前有實驗發現補充硼可減少人體排尿時的[[鈣]]流失量,以及提升[[17β-雌二醇]]、[[睪固酮]]和[[維生素D]]在血中之濃度。<ref name="Nielsen1997">{{cite journal|last1=Nielsen|first1=FH|title=Boron in human and animal nutrition|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=193|issue=2|year=1997|pages=199–208|url=http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/downloadPDF.xhtml?id=45215&content=PDF|issn=0032-079X|doi=10.1023/A:1004276311956|s2cid=12163109}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen FH, Hunt CD, Mullen LM, Hunt JR |title=Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women |journal=FASEB J. |volume=1 |issue=5 |pages=394–7 |year=1987 |pmid=3678698 |doi= 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698|s2cid=93497977 }}</ref> |
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| 無急毒性(硼酸之[[半數致死量|LD<sub>50</sub>]]為每公斤體重2.5克)<br />長期暴露在高劑量硼中的慢性影響尚未研究透徹 |
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| 對海生放射蟲[[等輻骨蟲綱]]非常重要,是其[[骨骼]]的主要成分([[硫酸鍶]])。<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027333.02017.50 | title = On the celestite-secreting Acantharia and their effect on seawater strontium to calcium ratios | date = 2004 | last1 = De Deckker | first1 = Patrick | journal = Hydrobiologia | volume = 517 | issue = 1–3 | page = 1| s2cid = 42526332 }}</ref>鍶在人體中會取代少量的[[鈣]]<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026 | title = The biological role of strontium | date = 2004 | last1 = Pors Nielsen | first1 = S. | journal = Bone | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 583–88 | pmid = 15336592}}</ref>,適量的鍶能促進骨骼對鈣的吸收,輔助骨骼生長,且能提高骨骼密度。<ref name=strontium>{{cite journal |url=http://www.thebonejournal.com/article/S8756-3282(04)00181-4/abstract |title=The biological role of strontium|year=2004|doi=10.1016/j.bone.2004.04.026|access-date=6 October 2010|last1=Pors Nielsen|first1=S.|journal=Bone|volume=35|issue=3|pages=583–588|pmid=15336592}}</ref> |
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| 某些類型的[[佝僂病]]<ref name=strontium/> |
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| [[矽藻]]、[[放射蟲]]和{{le|矽質海綿|Siliceous sponge}}等生物使用[[二氧化矽]]建構其細胞壁或[[骨骼]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bidle|first1=Kay D.|last2=Manganelli|first2=Maura|last3=Azam|first3=Farooq|date=2002-12-06|title=Regulation of Oceanic Silicon and Carbon Preservation by Temperature Control on Bacteria|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1076076|journal=Science|language=en|volume=298|issue=5600|pages=1980–1984|doi=10.1126/science.1076076|issn=0036-8075|pmid=12471255|bibcode=2002Sci...298.1980B|s2cid=216994}}</ref>矽為一些植物(如[[水稻]])之生長所需,能提高[[細胞壁]]結構的強度及完整性。在某些植物中,矽還能促進揮發性物質和[[植物激素]]的合成,在[[植物的誘導抗性|植物防禦機制]]中起著重要作用。<ref name="Kim2002">{{cite journal |doi=10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1095 |pmid=18944220 |title=Silicon-Induced Cell Wall Fortification of Rice Leaves: A Possible Cellular Mechanism of Enhanced Host Resistance to Blast |journal=Phytopathology |volume=92| issue=10 |pages=1095–103 |year=2002 |last1=Kim |first1=Sang Gyu |last2=Kim |first2=Ki Woo |last3=Park |first3=Eun Woo |last4=Choi |first4=Doil|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="plants">{{cite journal |last1=Epstein |first1=Emanuel |title=SILICON |journal=Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology |volume=50 |date=1999 |pmid=15012222 |doi=10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.641 |pages=641–664}}</ref><ref name="Leroy2019">{{cite journal |last1=Leroy |first1=Nicolas |last2=de Tombeur |first2=Felix |last3=Walgraffe |first3=Yseult |last4=Cornelis |first4=Jean-Thomas |last5=Verheggen |first5=Francois |title=Silicon and plant natural defenses against insect pests: impact on plant volatile organic compounds and cascade effects on multitrophic interactions |journal=Plants |date=23 October 2019 |volume=8 |issue=444 |page=444 |doi=10.3390/plants8110444|pmid=31652861 |pmc=6918431 |doi-access=free }}</ref>有些證據表明,矽對人體[[指甲]]、[[頭髮]]、[[皮膚]]、[[心血管]]和[[骨骼]]的健康十分重要<ref>{{cite book|first1=Keith R.|last1=Martin|editor=Astrid Sigel|editor2=Helmut Sigel|editor3=Roland K.O. Sigel|title=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases|series=Metal Ions in Life Sciences|volume=13|date=2013|publisher=Springer|pages=451–473|chapter=Chapter 14. Silicon: The Health Benefits of a Metalloid|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_14|pmid=24470100|isbn=978-94-007-7499-5}}</ref>,為合成[[彈性蛋白]]和[[膠原蛋白]]所需<ref name="LoeperLoeper1978">{{Cite book |last1=Loeper |first1=J. |last2=Fragny |first2=M. |title=The Physiological Role of the Silicon and its AntiAtheromatous Action |year=1978 |pages=281–296 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4613-4018-8_13 |journal=Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems |isbn=978-1-4613-4020-1}}</ref>,亦可增加骨質密度<ref name="jugdaohsingh2007silicon">{{cite journal |last1=Jugdaohsingh |first1=R. |title=Silicon and bone health |journal=The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging |date=Mar–Apr 2007 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=99–110 |pmc=2658806 |pmid=17435952}}</ref>,因此被認為是人體必需的營養素。<ref name="Niels">{{cite journal |doi =10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.000321 |pages=21–41 |journal=Annual Review of Nutrition |volume=4 |date=1984 |title=Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition |first=Forrest H. |last=Nielsen |pmid=6087860}}</ref> |
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| 是部分[[海藻]]以及[[固氮菌屬|固氮菌]]體內某些[[酶]]的關鍵成分<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Alison |last2=Carter-Franklin |first2=Jayme N. |title=The role of vanadium bromoperoxidase in the biosynthesis of halogenated marine natural products |journal=Natural Product Reports |date=2004 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=180–188 |doi=10.1039/b302337k |pmid=15039842 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1038/322388a0|last1= Robson|first1= R. L.|last2= Eady|first2= R. R.|last3= Richardson|first3= T. H.|last4= Miller|first4= R. W.|last5= Hawkins|first5= M.|last6= Postgate|first6= J. R.|date= 1986|title= The alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum is a vanadium enzyme|journal= Nature |volume= 322|issue= 6077 |pages= 388–390|bibcode= 1986Natur.322..388R|s2cid= 4368841}}</ref>,也是[[被囊動物]]體內{{le|釩細胞|Vanadocyte}}(一種特殊[[血球]])的主要成分。<ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1007/BF01952027 |title= Vanadium biochemistry: The unknown role of vanadium-containing cells in ascidians (sea squirts) |date= 1989 |last1= Smith |first1= M. J. |journal= Experientia |volume= 45 |issue= 5 |pages= 452–7 |pmid= 2656286|s2cid= 43534732 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90252-9 |title= Tunichromes and metal ion accumulation in tunicate blood cells |date= 1979 |last1= MacAra |first1= Ian G. |last2= McLeod |first2= G. C. |last3= Kustin |first3= Kenneth |journal= Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B |volume= 63 |issue= 3 |pages= 299–302}}</ref>目前尚未證實釩是人類必需的營養素,有研究發現缺乏釩會導致[[大鼠]]生長減慢。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schwarz |first1=Klaus |last2=Milne |first2=David B. |title=Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat |journal=Science |date=22 October 1971 |volume=174 |issue=4007 |pages=426–428 |doi=10.1126/science.174.4007.426 |pmid=5112000 |bibcode=1971Sci...174..426S |s2cid=24362265 }}</ref> |
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| {{le|釩中毒|Vanadium#Safety}} |
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|- |
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| [[鋰]] |
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| 根據[[血漿]]中的鋰濃度、{{le|生物活性|Biological activity}}和[[流行病學]]觀察,有跡象顯示鋰是人體必需的營養素,但目前尚無決定性證據。<ref name="Szklarska2019">{{cite journal |vauthors=Szklarska D, Rzymski P |title=Is Lithium a Micronutrient? From Biological Activity and Epidemiological Observation to Food Fortification |journal=Biol Trace Elem Res |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=18–27 |date=May 2019 |pmid=30066063 |pmc=6443601 |doi=10.1007/s12011-018-1455-2 }}</ref><ref name="Enderle2020">{{cite journal |vauthors=Enderle J, Klink U, di Giuseppe R, Koch M, Seidel U, Weber K, Birringer M, Ratjen I, Rimbach G, Lieb W |title=Plasma Lithium Levels in a General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Metabolic and Dietary Correlates |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=8 |date=August 2020 |page=2489 |pmid=32824874 |pmc=7468710 |doi=10.3390/nu12082489 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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| [[鋰_(藥物)#服用過量|鋰中毒]] |
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|- |
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| [[砷]] |
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| 被認為是[[鳥類]]必需的微量礦物質,參與其體內[[甲硫胺酸]]代謝物的合成。<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baloš |first1=M. Živkov |last2=Jakšić |first2=S. |last3=Pelić |first3=D. Ljubojević |date=September 2019 |title=The role, importance and toxicity of arsenic in poultry nutrition |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-s-poultry-science-journal/article/abs/role-importance-and-toxicity-of-arsenic-in-poultry-nutrition/7BAF9AE74DF627BE9EA33B1199DED6F0 |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |language=en |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=375–386 |doi=10.1017/S0043933919000394 |s2cid=202026506 |issn=0043-9339}}</ref>但其在[[哺乳動物]]體內是否具有重要生理作用則尚不清楚。<ref>Anke M. (1986) "Arsenic", pp. 347–372 in Mertz W. (ed.), ''Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition'', 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Uthus E.O.|pmid=24197927|title= Evidency for arsenical essentiality|doi=10.1007/BF01783629|volume=14|issue=2|year=1992|journal=Environ Geochem Health|pages=55–58|s2cid=22882255}}</ref><ref>Uthus E.O. (1994) "Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance", pp. 199–208 in Chappell W.R, Abernathy C.O, Cothern C.R. (eds.) ''Arsenic Exposure and Health''. Northwood, UK: Science and Technology Letters.</ref>一些研究表明砷為[[大鼠]]、[[倉鼠]]、[[山羊]]等動物所必需。<ref>Anke M. Arsenic. In: Mertz W. ed., Trace elements in human and Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1986, 347–372; Uthus E.O., Evidency for arsenical essentiality, Environ. Geochem. Health, 1992, 14:54–56; Uthus E.O., Arsenic essentiality and factors affecting its importance. In: Chappell W.R, Abernathy C.O, Cothern C.R. eds., Arsenic Exposure and Health. Northwood, UK: Science and Technology Letters, 1994, 199–208.</ref> |
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|[[砷中毒]] |
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|- |
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| 其他 |
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| 其他被認為可能是人體必需營養素的元素包括[[鋁]]、[[鍺]]、[[鉛]]、[[銣]]和[[錫]]等。<ref name="BerdanierDwyer2016" /><ref name="Gottschlich2001">{{cite book|last=Gottschlich|first=Michele M.|title=The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-based Core Curriculum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5LjQ4POQswC&pg=PA98|access-date=9 July 2016|year=2001|publisher=Kendall Hunt|isbn=978-0-7872-7680-5|page=98}}</ref><ref name="InselTurner2004">{{cite book|last1=Insel|first1=Paul M.|last2=Turner|first2=R. Elaine|last3=Ross|first3=Don|title=Nutrition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46o0PzPI07YC&pg=PA499|access-date=10 July 2016|year=2004|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-7637-0765-1|page=499}}</ref>另外,[[鎢]]、[[鎘]]和輕[[鑭系元素]]([[鑭]]、[[鈰]]、[[鐠]]、[[釹]]等)在某些低等生物中具有特定的生理功能,但這些元素在哺乳動物體內目前尚無已知的生理作用。<ref name="hdl.handle.net">Ultratrace minerals. Authors: Nielsen, Forrest H. USDA, ARS Source: Modern nutrition in health and disease / editors, Maurice E. Shils ... et al.. Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins, c1999., p. 283-303. Issue Date: 1999 URI: [http://hdl.handle.net/10113/46493]</ref> |
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| 各種金屬中毒症狀 |
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|} |
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除了上述元素外,人類的日常飲食中也含有其他各種各樣的元素,這些元素可能在人體中不發揮作用,但也幾乎完全無害(例如[[銀]]、[[金]]);也可能會干擾身體系統的正常運行,具有相當的毒性(例如[[汞]]、[[鉈]])。 |
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普遍的候選者包括(缺乏科學證據證實的元素被標記為“未經證實”): |
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⚫ | |||
* [[氟]](F)“未經證實” |
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* [[硼]](B)(只有植物生長所需的元素) |
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* [[鎳]](Ni)(在微生物和植物的生理上扮演重要角色) |
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⚫ | |||
* [[鎢]](W)(在一些[[原核生物]]體內取代同[[族 (化學)|族]]的[[鉬]]的功能) |
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* [[鈦]](Ti)(只有植物生長所需的元素) |
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* [[溴]](Br)(近來有科學證據證實各種動物以及海洋生物所需的元素) |
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* [[銣]](Rb)“未經證實” |
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⚫ | |||
* [[碲]](Te)“未經證實” |
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標記著“未經證實”的礦物質存在有潛在毒性或可能必需的以及非必需的營養素;食物供應裡其他各種各樣的元素可能會由持有不明的營養價值(例如[[銀]])到變為有毒性(例如[[汞]])。 |
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==食物來源== |
==食物來源== |
2023年4月21日 (五) 21:02的版本
礦物質(英語:Mineral),又稱為無機鹽、膳食礦物質,是生物體維持正常生理功能和生化代謝等生命活動所必需的化學元素[1][2][3],但通常不包括碳、氫、氮和氧等四大構成生物體的基本元素(約佔人體體重的96%)。礦物質約佔人體體重的4.4%,可依生物體所需求的量分為巨量礦物質(需求量較大)和微量礦物質(需求較小)。人體內主要的礦物質包括鈣、磷、鉀、鈉和鎂等[2],其他具有特定生化功能的礦物質還有鐵、氯、鈷、銅、鋅、錳、鉬、碘、硒等。[4]
礦物質和維生素、必需脂肪酸以及必需胺基酸同為生物體必須的營養素。[5]由於礦物質是元素,不能由生物體以生物化學方式合成[6],因此須從環境中攝取。植物主要從土壤中獲取礦物質。[6]人類飲食中的大部分礦物質來自食用動植物及飲用水。[6]大多數礦物質在陸地上相當普遍,鈉和碘等也大量存在於海洋中。
適當攝取一定程度的膳食礦物質對維持身體健康是必須的,否則可能導致各種礦物質缺乏症。然而攝取過量亦可能引致許多病症,其中部分歸因於身體內不同礦物質的競爭性。例如過量的攝取鋅會抑制人體對銅和鐵的吸收。[7]有媒體報導稱,物體接觸礦物質含量過高的井水後,會在物體表面形成薄膜,經長時間暴曬,薄膜會變成堅硬的外殼,即「石化」。[8]
生物圈中的礦物質
並非每種化學元素在生物圈中都能發揮生物作用,只有在大多數生物(尤其是哺乳動物)體內具有生物功能的元素才會被視為膳食礦物質。大多數已受認定的膳食礦物質都是原子量相對較低的元素。
元素週期表中的礦物質[9] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | He | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cs | Ba | * | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fr | Ra | ** | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
* | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
** | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No |
圖例:
四大生命基本元素
可能在人體中具有不可或缺的潛在生理功能,但尚無決定性證據支持或其確切作用尚不明確的元素
有限的間接證據顯示其對哺乳動物身體有微量益處或生理功能的元素
|
礦物質功用
人體中的礦物質
已知至少有20種化學元素在人體中具有明確生理功能[1][14],是人體必需的膳食礦物質。
巨量礦物質
對於人類,維持生理所需的巨量礦物質(每日營養素建議攝取量,RDA > 200 mg/每日)包括:
礦物質 | 生理功能[15][16] | 膳食來源[16] | 缺乏及過量病症 |
---|---|---|---|
鉀 | 人體細胞內主要的陽離子,可調節細胞內外的滲透壓、水分及酸鹼平衡,維持肌肉收縮和神經傳導,參與細胞內醣類和蛋白質的代謝等 | 甘藷、番茄、胡蘿蔔、馬鈴薯、豆類、穀類、牛奶及乳製品、瘦肉、海鮮、香蕉、柳橙等[17][18] | 低血鉀 / 高鉀血症 |
氯 | 人體細胞外液主要的陰離子,可調節細胞內外的滲透壓、水分及酸鹼平衡,形成胃中的鹽酸,少數酶的輔因子等 | 食鹽、自來水 | 低氯血症 / 高氯血症 |
鈉 | 人體細胞外液主要的陽離子[19],可調節細胞內外的滲透壓、水分及酸鹼平衡[20],維持肌肉收縮和神經傳導等 | 食鹽、調味料(醬油、味精等)、加工肉類(火腿、香腸、午餐肉等)、海菜、牛奶、菠菜等 | 低血鈉症 / 高鈉血症 |
鈣 | 調節肌肉收縮、神經傳導和血液的凝固,構建骨骼及牙齒(羥基磷灰石),維持膠原蛋白之正常功能,參與血球的合成等 | 牛奶及乳製品、雞蛋、沙丁魚、深綠色蔬菜、堅果、芝麻、豆腐等[21] | 低鈣血症 / 高血鈣 |
磷 | 構成細胞膜(磷脂質),組成核苷酸(構成核酸、ATP負責化學分子的磷酸化以傳遞能量等),構建骨骼及牙齒(羥基磷灰石),維持血液的酸鹼平衡等 | 紅肉、牛奶及乳製品、魚、家禽、蛋、穀物、豆類等[22][23] | 低磷血症 / 高磷血症 |
鎂 | 催化ATP之合成及磷酸化,300多種酶展現活性所必需的輔因子,構建骨骼(磷酸鎂、碳酸鎂),協助肌肉收縮及神經傳導等 | 深綠色蔬菜、肉類、豆類、全穀類、堅果、花生醬、酪梨等[24] | 低血鎂症 / 高鎂血症 |
硫 | 構成多種胺基酸、輔因子和維生素,形成構建蛋白質的雙硫鍵,硫酸根參與肝臟解毒反應及維持血液酸鹼平衡等 | 肉類、家禽、蛋、豆類、堅果、蔥、蒜、洋蔥、十字花科蔬菜等 | -- |
微量礦物質
最重要的微量礦物質(RDA < 200 mg/每日)包括:
礦物質 | 生理功能[15][16] | 膳食來源[16] | 缺乏及過量病症 |
---|---|---|---|
鐵 | 組成血紅素及肌紅素(負責氧和二氧化碳之運輸),組成多種酶及細胞色素等 | 肉類、海鮮、堅果、豆類、穀類、深綠色蔬菜、黑巧克力等[25] | 鐵缺乏症 / 血色沉著病 |
鋅 | 200多種酶展現活性所必需的輔因子,調節細胞的分裂、生長及凋亡,維持免疫系統運作正常,促進性器官的成熟及維持其功能運行,促進傷口癒合及骨骼發育等 | 紅肉、家禽、海鮮如牡蠣等、牛奶及乳製品、穀物、堅果等[26] | 鋅缺乏 / 鋅中毒 |
錳 | 超氧化物歧化酶等諸多酵素之成分或輔因子,維持醣類及脂肪之正常代謝,促進骨骼的發育及生長等 | 穀物、豆類、堅果、菠菜等葉菜類、茶葉、咖啡、動物內臟等[27] | 錳缺乏 / 錳中毒 |
銅 | 各種銅蛋白以及細胞色素c氧化酶等酵素之成分或輔因子 | 肝臟等內臟、肉類、牡蠣等海鮮、堅果、豆類、啤酒等[27] | 銅缺乏 / 銅中毒 |
碘 | 合成甲狀腺激素之必要成分,可調節人體新陳代謝、促進生長發育 | 海藻(海帶及紫菜等)、貝類等海鮮、蛋、乳製品、加碘鹽等[28] | 碘缺乏病(甲狀腺腫) / 碘中毒(甲狀腺功能亢進症[29]) |
鉬 | 黃嘌呤氧化酶、醛氧化酶和亞硫酸鹽氧化酶等酵素之輔因子[30] | 全穀類、豆類、堅果等[27] | 鉬缺乏 / 鉬中毒[31] |
硒 | 各種硒蛋白(如穀胱甘肽過氧化物酶、硫氧還蛋白還原酶等酵素)之成分或輔因子 | 海鮮、動物內臟、瘦肉、堅果、穀物、乳製品、蛋等[32] | 硒缺乏 / 硒中毒 |
鈷 | 維生素B12的關鍵成分 | 肉類、肝臟、海鮮如貝類、蟹肉等[33] | 鈷缺乏 / 鈷中毒 |
鉻 | 葡萄糖耐受因子(GTF)的組成部分(可促進胰島素作用,調節醣類及脂質的代謝),但目前其在體內的作用機制尚不明確,因此鉻對人體的重要性尚存疑義[34][35] | 肝臟、釀酒酵母、葡萄汁、胡椒、青花菜、全穀類製品等[36] | 鉻缺乏 / 鉻中毒 |
其他礦物質
除了上述元素被普遍認可為人體必需的膳食礦物質外,很多其他元素也被建議列入人類必須的營養素,但這些元素的確切生理功能或對於人體之必要性大多缺乏決定性證據支持。[4]以下礦物質的認可與否根據不同的標準而有所差異。
元素 | 潛在生理功能 | 過量病症 |
---|---|---|
氟 | 氟不被認為是人體必需的化學元素,因為其在維持人體生命及生長發育過程中並不具有不可或缺的生理作用。儘管提高氟的攝取量能夠強化琺瑯質、降低齲齒率,維持骨質穩定、提高骨質密度。[16]氟化物對牙齒的主要益處在於其將牙齒表面的羥基磷灰石轉化為更耐酸的氟磷灰石,從而對細菌代謝產生的酸性物質具有更強的抵抗力。[37][38] | 氟化物中毒 缺乏症:氟缺乏(齲齒、骨質疏鬆症) |
溴 | 為合成IV型膠原蛋白所必需的輔因子,可能對基底膜結構和組織發育有重要作用。[39] | 溴中毒 |
鎳 | 對部分植物、細菌、古菌和真菌具有重要生理功能,是多種酶的必要成分,例如脲酶和氫化酶等[40],因此鎳是人體腸道菌叢中部份菌種(如某些雙歧桿菌)之必要營養素。[41]在人體中,鎳可能是參與水解、氧化還原和基因表達的某些金屬酶之結構成分或輔因子。缺鎳會阻礙山羊、豬和綿羊的生長,並降低大鼠體內的循環甲狀腺激素濃度。[42] | 鎳中毒 |
硼 | 對植物來說屬於必需營養素,能夠維持細胞壁結構的完整及穩定性,參與細胞分裂,協助醣類的運輸等。[43][44][45]硼在動物體內是否具有確切的生理功能仍尚屬未知[46][47],目前有實驗發現補充硼可減少人體排尿時的鈣流失量,以及提升17β-雌二醇、睪固酮和維生素D在血中之濃度。[48][49] | 無急毒性(硼酸之LD50為每公斤體重2.5克) 長期暴露在高劑量硼中的慢性影響尚未研究透徹 |
鍶 | 對海生放射蟲等輻骨蟲綱非常重要,是其骨骼的主要成分(硫酸鍶)。[50]鍶在人體中會取代少量的鈣[51],適量的鍶能促進骨骼對鈣的吸收,輔助骨骼生長,且能提高骨骼密度。[52] | 某些類型的佝僂病[52] |
矽 | 矽藻、放射蟲和矽質海綿等生物使用二氧化矽建構其細胞壁或骨骼。[53]矽為一些植物(如水稻)之生長所需,能提高細胞壁結構的強度及完整性。在某些植物中,矽還能促進揮發性物質和植物激素的合成,在植物防禦機制中起著重要作用。[54][55][56]有些證據表明,矽對人體指甲、頭髮、皮膚、心血管和骨骼的健康十分重要[57],為合成彈性蛋白和膠原蛋白所需[58],亦可增加骨質密度[59],因此被認為是人體必需的營養素。[60] | -- |
釩 | 是部分海藻以及固氮菌體內某些酶的關鍵成分[61][62],也是被囊動物體內釩細胞(一種特殊血球)的主要成分。[63][64]目前尚未證實釩是人類必需的營養素,有研究發現缺乏釩會導致大鼠生長減慢。[65] | 釩中毒 |
鋰 | 根據血漿中的鋰濃度、生物活性和流行病學觀察,有跡象顯示鋰是人體必需的營養素,但目前尚無決定性證據。[66][67] | 鋰中毒 |
砷 | 被認為是鳥類必需的微量礦物質,參與其體內甲硫胺酸代謝物的合成。[68]但其在哺乳動物體內是否具有重要生理作用則尚不清楚。[69][70][71]一些研究表明砷為大鼠、倉鼠、山羊等動物所必需。[72] | 砷中毒 |
其他 | 其他被認為可能是人體必需營養素的元素包括鋁、鍺、鉛、銣和錫等。[40][73][74]另外,鎢、鎘和輕鑭系元素(鑭、鈰、鐠、釹等)在某些低等生物中具有特定的生理功能,但這些元素在哺乳動物體內目前尚無已知的生理作用。[75] | 各種金屬中毒症狀 |
除了上述元素外,人類的日常飲食中也含有其他各種各樣的元素,這些元素可能在人體中不發揮作用,但也幾乎完全無害(例如銀、金);也可能會干擾身體系統的正常運行,具有相當的毒性(例如汞、鉈)。
食物來源
- 鈣:芝麻、奶類製品、綠葉類蔬菜
- 鎂:堅果,大豆、和可可、海洋深層水
- 鈉:食用鹽(氯化鈉,主要來源)、牛奶、菠菜
- 鉀:豆類、所有五穀和香蕉
- 氯:食用鹽是氯的主要飲食來源
- 硫:肉類、蛋和豆類
- 鐵:芝麻、紅肉、葉菜類蔬菜
很多研究指出人類能經常受益於礦物質的補充。維生素和礦物質是相互依賴的,需要互相的存在來達到充分的效益;只採用綜合維他命,而沒有用礦物質幾乎不比採用一種維他命和同時有礦物質有效。廣泛的大學研究也顯示出,補充礦物質的最大生物相容性形式是螯合礦物質(一被連結到一特別大小的氨基酸)。
參見
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外部連結
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