代理問題
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委託-代理問題(英語:principal–agent problem),又稱代理問題(agency problem),代理兩難(agency dilemma),指委託人(principal)與代理人(agent)之間因目標不一致,而產生利益衝突之情事。當代理人本身存在某種動機,驅使他的行為目標著重在於增加自身的利益,而不是增加委託人的利益,就會出現這個兩難現象。研究這個問題在政治科學與經濟學中獲得很大的重視。
在公司的經營者(代理人)與股份持有者(委託人),共同基金的管理者(代理人)與投資者(委託人),或是政治家(代理人)及選民(委託人)之間的關係,都可以觀察到代理問題的存在。
經濟學理論[编辑]
原則上,一個「理性」的投資人應具有風險趨避(risk averse)的傾向,亦即投資人在進行投資時,如果數種風險不同的證券所提供的預期報酬率相同,他(她)會理性地選擇風險較小的證券來投資;同樣地,若要投資人將資金投入風險較高的資產時,必須該資產能提供高於預期的報酬,否則投資人不會選擇「高風險、低報酬」的投資方式。
參考資料[编辑]
- 財務管理-新觀念與本土化,謝劍平,智勝文化,2008年2月四版三刷 ISBN 957-41-3302-8
- 財務管理(上)-證券投資,張永霖,高點文化,2008年3月 ISBN 957-814-627-2
延伸閱讀[编辑]
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- Mind the Gap—Quantifying Principal–Agent Problems in Energy Efficiency (PDF), IEA, 2007 [2019-07-17], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-09-30).
- Laffont, Jean-Jacques and Martimort, David (2002). The Theory of Incentives: The Principal–Agent Model. Princeton University Press.
- Li, Hongxia. Capital Structure on Agency Costs in Chinese Listed Firms. International Journal of Governance. 2011, 1 (2): 26–39.
- Murtishaw, S.; Sathaye, J., Quantifying the Effect of the Principal–Agent Problem on US Residential Use (PDF) (Report), 2006 [2019-07-17], LBNL-59773, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-05-11).
- Nikkinen, Jussi; Sahlström, Petri. Does agency theory provide a general framework for audit pricing?. International Journal of Auditing. 2004, 8 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1111/j.1099-1123.2004.00094.x.
- Rees, R., 1985. "The Theory of Principal and Agent—Part I". Bulletin of Economic Research, 37(1), 3–26
- Rees, R., 1985. "The Theory of Principal and Agent—Part II". Bulletin of Economic Research, 37(2), 75–97
- Rutherford, R. & Springer, T. & Yavas, A. (2005). Conflicts between Principals and Agents: Evidence from Residential Brokerage. Journal of Financial Economics (76), 627–65.
- Rosen, S. Prizes and Incentives in Elimination Tournaments. American Economic Review. 1986, 76 (4): 701–715. JSTOR 1806068.
- Sappington, David E. M. Incentives in Principal–Agent Relationships. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1991, 5 (2): 45–66. JSTOR 1942685. doi:10.1257/jep.5.2.45.
- Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1987). "Principal and agent", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 966–71.