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傳明酸

维基百科,自由的百科全书
傳明酸
臨床資料
读音\ˌtran-eks-ˌam-ik-\
商品名Cyklokapron及其他
其他名稱TXA
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa612021
核准狀況
懷孕分級
给药途径口服給藥, 靜脈注射, 局部外用藥物
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度34%
生物半衰期3.1小時
识别信息
CAS号1197-18-8  checkY
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB配體ID
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.013.471 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C8H15NO2
摩尔质量157.21 g·mol−1
3D模型(JSmol
  • NC[C@@H]1CC[C@H](CC1)C(O)=O
  • InChI=1S/C8H15NO2/c9-5-6-1-3-7(4-2-6)8(10)11/h6-7H,1-5,9H2,(H,10,11)/t6-,7- checkY
  • Key:GYDJEQRTZSCIOI-LJGSYFOKSA-N checkY

傳明酸INN:tranexamic acid)為一種止血藥物,臨床上廣泛用於治療或是預防多種原因引起的出血,包括重大創傷產後出血、手術過程及拔牙。此外,該藥物亦可用於緩解流鼻血及女性經血過多等症狀。[7][8]它也用於治療遺傳性血管性水腫[7][3]

給藥方式有口服給藥靜脈注射[7]或是肌肉注射

傳明酸是胺基酸離胺酸的合成類似物。它透過可逆性地結合纖維蛋白溶酶原( plasminogen)上的四到五個離胺酸受體位點,發揮抗纖維蛋白溶解英语antifibrinolytic作用,以減少纖維蛋白溶酶原轉化為纖溶酶,而防止纖維蛋白降解,並保護纖維蛋白基質結構的框架。[5]傳明酸的抗纖維蛋白溶解活性約為舊型類似物-6-氨基己酸的7-10倍。[9]此外,傳明酸還能以較弱的效力直接抑制纖溶酶的活性(半數抑制濃度(IC50) = 87毫莫/公升),[10]並能以高特異性阻斷尿激酶型纖維蛋白溶酶原活化劑(uPA)的活性位點(抑制平衡常數K<subi=2毫莫耳),其特異性在所有絲氨酸蛋白酶中名列前茅。[11]

使用後的副作用[3]有色覺改變、癲癇發作血栓以及過敏反應,但相當罕見。[3]傳明酸在個體於懷孕期間及進行母乳哺育期間使用,對於所懷胎兒,或是嬰兒似乎安全。[3][12]

傳明酸最早由日本研究人員岡本彰祐(Shosuke Okamoto)與岡本歌子英语Utako Okamoto於1962年成功開發。[13]它已納入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[14]目前市場上已有傳明酸的通用名藥物(學名藥)供應。[15]

醫療用途

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裝有一公克傳明酸的安瓿
品牌名稱為Transamin(有"血迅"的中文譯名)(傳明酸)250毫克膠囊。

傳明酸經常被用於重創後的救治用途。[16]此外,它也被用於預防與治療多種情況下的出血,例如牙科手術、月經量過多,以及具有高出血風險的手術。[17][18]

外傷

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傳明酸已被證實能降低因外傷導致大出血患者的全死因死亡風險。[19][20][21][22]若在重大外傷發生後的前三小時內使用,效果最為顯著。[23]此外,若在腦部受傷後的頭三小時內給藥,也能有效降低死亡風險。[24]

月經出血

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傳明酸有時被用於治療月經量過多的症狀[18]-經由口服給藥,能安全且有效地治療週期性發生的月經量過多,並改善生活品質。[5][25][26]另一項研究顯示對於12至16歲的女性,給藥劑量無需調整。[5]在一項為期10年的研究中,發現傳明酸與其他口服藥物(如甲芬那酸)的療效,與使用左炔諾孕酮激素宮內節育器相當。在未接受手術治療經血過多的比例,以及生活品質的改善程度上,兩者(即口服藥物組 vs 節育器組))的表現相近。[27][28]

分娩

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傳明酸有時會用來減少分娩後的出血(通常與催產素併用)。[29]對於產後發生出血的女性,使用傳明酸能有效將死亡率降低。[8]

外科手術

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  • 傳明酸有時被用於骨科手術中以減少失血,其效果甚至能減少或完全消除圍手術期中輸血的需求。經證實,在手術前後給藥,對於清楚顯露手術部位及減少出血具有價值,並能減少引流量與輸血次數。[30][31][32]
  • 它在兒童顱縫早閉英语craniosynostosis的外科矯正手術中能降低對輸血的需求。[33]
  • 它在脊椎手術中(例如:脊椎側彎)被用於使用器械進行的後路脊椎融合矯正術,以防止過度失血。[34][35]
  • 它在心臟手術方面,無論是否使用體外循環(例如:冠狀動脈旁路移植),皆被用於預防大量失血。[30]

牙科應用

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美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)核准傳明酸短期用於患有嚴重凝血功能障礙,且即將進行牙科手術的患者,於術前後使用以預防大出血並減少輸血需求。[36][37]

針對因後天性或遺傳性疾病導致凝血時間延長的患者,在拔牙或手術後可使用含5%傳明酸的漱口水。[38]

傳明酸在中國被允許添加於非處方牙膏中,截至2018年,相關產品達六種,且無劑量限制或是強制標示濃度之規定。[39]香港則允許 非處方牙膏添加0.05%傳明酸。[40]日本獅王公司率先取得低於5%傳明酸含量牙膏的專利,並將之上市,目前仍於日本國內銷售。[41]加拿大於2019年曾因雲南白藥品牌牙膏含有未經核准的傳明酸成分而被要求將產品回收。[42]

血液學

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目前尚無足夠證據支持將傳明酸常規用於預防血癌患者的出血,[43]不過目前已有幾項試驗正在評估此用途。[43]對於遺傳性出血性疾病(例如:血管性血友病)患者,通常會給予傳明酸治療。[44]此外,針對因服用直接作用口服抗凝劑(DOACs)等藥物而導致後天性出血性疾病的患者,也建議用傳明酸以治療嚴重出血。[45]

流鼻血

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對於治療鼻出血,用傳明酸直接塗抹於出血區域或經口服給藥,似乎比單純使用棉球填塞鼻腔更為有效。[46][47][48]此藥物能降低10天內再次出血的風險。[49]

美容用途

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傳明酸可作為化妝品活性成分,添加在護膚產品中,以減少發炎表現與色素沈著英语hyperpigmentation[50]傳明酸是一種兩性離子胺基酸,在皮膚角質層的滲透係數較低。[51] Tranexamic acid can be combined with penetration enhancers and microneedling to overcome this limitation.[52]為克服這項限制,傳明酸可與促滲透劑或微針療法(利用大量細小的針頭(直徑通常小於300微米)刺穿皮膚最外層的角質層)結合使用 。[53]

在美容用途上,有時也會採用傳明酸的親脂性衍生物(如甲磺酸十六烷基氨甲環酸英语Cetyl tranexamate mesylate等酯類前體藥物),這類衍生物不具兩性離子特性,因此能改善皮膚的滲透性。[54][55][56]

禁忌症

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  • 對傳明酸過敏。
  • 有癲癇發作史。
  • 曾有靜脈動脈血栓栓塞英语thromboembolism病史,或目前患有活動性血栓栓塞性疾病。
  • 嚴重腎功能損傷(因藥物會在其體內蓄積),對於輕度或中度腎功能損傷患者,則需要調整劑量。[7]

不良反應

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使用傳明酸的副作用相當罕見。[3]曾報告的不良事件有癲癇發作、色覺改變、血栓,以及過敏性休克等過敏反應。[3]關於靜脈血栓的風險是否增加仍存在爭議。雖然產品說明書中提到這項風險,[5]且在上市後的監測經驗中也有相關報告,[5]但傳明酸雖具有抑制血栓分解的作用,大型研究顯示其並未增加靜脈或動脈血栓的風險,[57][58]即便是在過去曾在其他情況下發生過血栓的人群中也是如此。[58]

特殊族群

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  • 懷孕: 在動物實驗中未發現對胎兒出現危害。[5]
  • 哺乳: 若在哺乳期間服用,乳汁中會出現微量藥物。[5][59]

社會與文化

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傳明酸最早由日本研究人員岡本彰祐與岡本歌子於1962年首次合成 。[13]它已列入世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單中。[14]

商品名稱

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傳明酸在美國與澳大利亞片劑形式銷售,商品名稱為"Lysteda",[5]在澳大利亞、瑞典[60]約旦,注射劑與片劑商品名為"Cyklokapron",在英國與瑞典[60]稱為"Cyclo-F"。在英國,它也以"Femstrual"的名稱銷售,在亞洲稱為"Transcam",在孟加拉國稱為"Intrax"與"Tracid",在印度稱為"Pause",在巴基斯坦稱為"Transamin",在印尼稱為"Kalnex",在南美洲稱為"Espercil",在日本稱為"Nicolda",在法國波蘭比利時羅馬尼亞稱為"Exacyl",在埃及則稱為"Kapron"。在菲律賓,其膠囊劑型以"Hemostan"之名銷售,在以色列則稱為"Hexakapron"。

法律地位

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FDA於2009年11月核准傳明酸口服片劑(商品名稱:Lysteda),用於治療月經量過多 。ref name="Lysteda FDA label" />[61][62]

英國於2011年3月更改用於治療月經量過多的傳明酸分類,由處方藥(POM)改為藥局藥物(P,即不需醫生處方,但須在藥劑師的監督下才能購買),[63]並在英國各藥局以Cyklo-F和Femstrual等品牌作為非處方藥銷售。[64]

研究發展

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傳明酸在特定實驗中顯示出緩解神經發炎的潛力.[65]根據世界衛生組織(WHO)的研究,它能將產後出血導致的死亡風險降低三分之一。[66]初步證據亦支持其用於治療咯血[67][68]

在其他臨床研究方面:

  • 遺傳性疾病: 可用於治療遺傳性血管性水腫,[69]並能有效降低遺傳性出血性血管擴張症患者嚴重且頻繁流鼻血的次數。[70]
  • 皮膚醫學: 在治療黃褐斑與美白應用上,可透過局部外用、病灶內注射或口服。日本已將其核准為美白藥妝用途。雖然2017年前的研究顯示其安全性良好,但因缺乏大規模隨機對照試驗與長期追蹤,其確切療效仍具不確定性。[71][72][73]
  • 眼科與外科: 能有效降低外傷性前房積血,患者二次出血的風險。[74]但在肝切除術中,傳明酸並未能減少出血或輸血量,反而增加併發症風險。[75]

引用文獻

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