跳转到内容

商業載人計劃

本页使用了标题或全文手工转换
维基百科，自由的百科全书
商業載人計劃
Two streaks, one red and one blue, streaming up to a star surrounded by a depiction of an orbiting object
国家美國
组织
目标國際太空站人員運輸
状态進行中
航天计划信息
持续时间2011年至今
首次航天飞行
发射地点
航天器信息
载人航天器
运载火箭

商業載人計劃（英語：Commercial Crew Program，簡稱CCP）是由美國太空總署（NASA）與美國航空製造商波音和SpaceX聯合運營的一項载人航天計劃。該計劃服务于國際太空站的宇航员轮换计划，在波音星際航線和SpaceX龙飞船2号上載運往返國際太空站的機組人員，這是私人公司首次進行的載人軌道太空飛行。美國太空總署分別向波音和SpaceX採購了6次和14次飛行任務，任務涵蓋至2030年國際太空站退役時[1]。

此計劃所使用的飛船均由獲得合約的私人公司擁有，並以提供服務的方式運送美國太空總署的太空人到國際太空站。飛船在每次任務都會運載最多達4名太空人前往／離開國際太空站，並設有額外第五名隊員的選擇。任務將每隔半年進行，每次持續大約6個月。在每次計劃中，太空船將會持續跟國際太空站對接，並通常與上一次任務有幾天的重疊。該計劃將取代聯盟計劃，成為美國太空人前往國際太空站的主要方式。自太空梭在2011年退役後，聯盟計劃是商業載人計劃進行前美國太空人前往國際太空站的唯一方式[2][3]。

龙飞船2号将使用獵鷹9號Block 5发射，於返回地球時時在佛羅里達對出的大西洋海面濺落。龍飛船2代的第一次載人任務在2020年5月3日發射並取得成功[4][5]，此計劃下的第一個正式任務SpaceX載人1號則於2020年11月16日成功發射[6]。星際航線则使用擎天神5號 N22構形運載火箭發射，返回地球時以安全氣囊在美國西部四個指定地點之一降落。波音的首次载人飛行任務则於2024年6月5日發射[7]，但任务未取得完全成功[8][9]。

背景

[编辑]

在2003年哥伦比亚号航天飞机灾难後，美國太空總署決定在完成國際太空站的建設後把太空穿梭機全部退役。時任美國總統喬治布殊於2004年發表的太空探索願景中提出開發能夠用於登月任務和國際太空站隊員輪換的太空船。[10]2005年的美国国家航空航天局授权法案授權美國太空總署推行星座計劃[11]，此計劃中包括開發獵戶座飛船，用作國際太空站隊員輪換和載人登月任務[12][13][14]。奧巴馬於2009年指派的奧古斯丁委員會（英语：Augustine Commission）對星座計劃進行檢討，發現計劃嚴重超支並進度落後，因此決定取消星座計劃[15]。雖然獵戶座飛船被保留，但美國太空總署決定以商業載人計劃取代獵戶座飛船進行國際太空站的組員輪換任務[15][16][17] ，僅保留其進行載人深空探索任務[18]。

參見

[编辑]

脚注

[编辑]

參考資料

[编辑]

来源

  1. Reichhardt, Tony. Astronauts, Your Ride's Here!. Air & Space/Smithsonian. 2018-08 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-21）. 
  2. Howell, Elizabeth. How Boeing's Commercial CST-100 Starliner Spacecraft Works. Space.com. 2018-08-08 [2020-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-26）. 
  3. Wall, Mike. Crew Dragon and Starliner: A Look at the Upcoming Astronaut Taxis. Space.com. 2018-08-03 [2019-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-21）. 

引用

  1. ^ Foust, Jeff. "NASA and SpaceX finalize extension of commercial crew contract". spacenews.com. September 1, 2022 [October 1, 2022]. 
  2. ^ Perrotto, Trent; Thomas, Candrea. NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 10 December 2012 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. ...the certification products contracts (CPC) [will ensure] crew transportation systems will meet agency safety requirements and standards to launch American astronauts to the International Space Station from the United States, ending the agency's reliance on Russia for these transportation services. [...] This includes data that will result in developing engineering standards, tests and analyses of the crew transportation systems design. 
  3. ^ Reichhardt 2018，"A pair of privately owned spaceships, Boeing's Starliner and SpaceX's Crew Dragon, are set to make their debut within the next few months [...] ending NASA's post-space-shuttle reliance on the Soyuz to ferry astronauts to and from the International Space Station."
  4. ^ Wattles, Jackie. Next attempt: Saturday at 3:22 pm EDT. CNN. May 27, 2020 [May 27, 2020]. （原始内容存档于May 27, 2020）. 
  5. ^ Upcoming Missions. SpaceX Now. [December 24, 2017]. （原始内容存档于April 26, 2020）. 
  6. ^ Corbett, Tobias; Barker, Nathan. With Resilience, NASA and SpaceX Begin Operational Commercial Crew flights. NASASpaceFlight.com. November 15, 2020. 
  7. ^ Foust, Jeff. Starliner lifts off on crewed test flight. June 5, 2024 [June 5, 2024]. （原始内容存档于June 5, 2024）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  8. ^ Wattles, Jackie. Boeing Starliner's astronauts will return to Earth on Spacex Crew Dragon, NASA says. August 24, 2024 [August 24, 2024] （英语）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  9. ^ Taveau, Jessica. NASA Decides to Bring Starliner Spacecraft Back to Earth Without Crew (新闻稿). NASA. August 24, 2024 [August 24, 2024].  公有领域 本条目含有该公有领域來源中的内容。
  10. ^ King, John; O'Brien, Miles. Bush unveils vision for moon and beyond. CNN. 15 January 2004 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. The initial spurt of new funding will be used to begin work on what a "crew exploration vehicle," which O'Keefe said will "look totally different" from the space shuttle. [...] Lunar missions will begin between 2015 and 2020. 
  11. ^ Neubek, Deborah J.; Rattigan, Jennifer L.; Stegemoeller, Charles; Thomas, L. Dale. Constellation program Lessons Learned; Volume I: Executive Summary (PDF). NASA History Office: 2–3. 20 May 2011 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于8 March 2019）. NASA formed the Constellation Program in 2005 [...] The Initial Capability (IC) comprised elements necessary to service the ISS by 2015 with crew rotations: including the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle, and the supporting ground and mission infrastructure to enable these missions. 
  12. ^ Neubek, Deborah J.; Rattigan, Jennifer L.; Stegemoeller, Charles; Thomas, L. Dale. Constellation program Lessons Learned; Volume I: Executive Summary (PDF). NASA History Office: 2–3. 20 May 2011 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于8 March 2019）. NASA formed the Constellation Program in 2005 [...] The Initial Capability (IC) comprised elements necessary to service the ISS by 2015 with crew rotations: including the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle, the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle, and the supporting ground and mission infrastructure to enable these missions. 
  13. ^ BBC News staff. Nasa names new spacecraft 'Orion'. BBC News. 23 August 2006 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. The vehicle will be capable of transporting cargo and up to six crew members to and from the International Space Station. It can carry four astronauts for lunar missions. 
  14. ^ Malik, Tariq. NASA's New Moon Plans: 'Apollo on Steroids'. Space.com. 19 September 2005 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. The spacecraft, NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), could even carry six-astronaut crews to the International Space Station (ISS) or fly automated resupply shipments as needed, NASA chief Michael Griffin said. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Amos, Jonathan. US politicians cement a new philosophy for Nasa. BBC News. 30 September 2010 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. It authorises $1.3bn over the next three years for commercial companies to begin taxiing crew to the International Space Station (ISS). [...] It brings to an end the Bush-era Constellation programme which had set the agency the task of going back to the Moon. 
  16. ^ Matson, John. Phased Out: Obama's NASA Budget Would Cancel Constellation Moon Program, Privatize Manned Launches. Scientific American. 1 February 2010 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. Obama's blueprint for NASA would cancel the Constellation program, the family of rockets and hardware now in development to replace the aging space shuttle, and would call instead on commercial vendors to fly astronauts to orbit. 
  17. ^ Malik, Tariq. Obama Budget Scraps NASA Moon Plan for '21st Century Space Program'. Space.com. 1 February 2010 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. ...and offers $6 billion over five years to support commercially built spaceships to launch NASA astronauts into space. 
  18. ^ Malik, Tariq. NASA's New Asteroid Mission Could Save the Planet. Space.com. 6 April 2010 [8 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2019）. He pledged to revive the Orion spacecraft, initially cancelled along the rest of NASA's Constellation program building new rockets and spacecraft. Now [it will play a role] in deep space missions, Obama said. 

外部連結

[编辑]
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：商業載人計劃
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=商業載人計劃&oldid=92137663”