土耳其人
土耳其人 Türkler | |||||||||||||||||||||
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總人口 | |||||||||||||||||||||
大約7200–7700 萬 | |||||||||||||||||||||
分佈地區 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() | 2,774,000 (包括土耳其庫德人)[4] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 820,000 (2014 estimate)[5][5] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 500,000a[›][6][7][8] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 396,414e[›]–500,000c[›][9][10][11][12] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 350,000–500,000[13][14] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 200,000[15][16][17] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 196,222–500,000 b[›][18][19][20][21] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 100,000–150,000[22][23] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 70,440 e[›][24] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 66,919–150,000 b[›][25][26][27][28] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 28,892 f[›]b[›][29] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 24,910 b[›][30] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 22,580 e[›][31] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 22,000[32] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 500,000–3,000,000[33][34][35]l[›] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 100,000[36] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 150,000–200,000 b[›][37][38] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 60,000[37] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 50,000–200,000[39][40][41][42] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 50,000 b[›][37] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 588,318–800,000[43][44][45] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 77,959[46][47][48][49] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 49,000 (官方統計)–130,000 g[›][50][51][52][53] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 27,700[54][55][56] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 18,738[57] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 109,883–150,000[58][59] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 104,792–150,000 h[›][60][61] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 40,953–50,000 h[›][62][61][63] | ||||||||||||||||||||
![]() | 38,000–110,000 h[›][64][61][65][66] | ||||||||||||||||||||
語言 | |||||||||||||||||||||
土耳其語 | |||||||||||||||||||||
宗教信仰 | |||||||||||||||||||||
(遜尼派、阿列維派、拜克塔什教團、十二伊瑪目派) 少數無宗教[67][71]、基督宗教[72][73]、猶太教[74] | |||||||||||||||||||||
註釋 | |||||||||||||||||||||
a. ^ The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations. |
土耳其人 (土耳其語:Türkler),是土耳其共和國的主體民族,絕大多数信奉伊斯蘭教遜尼派,源自奥斯曼帝國時期。該民族主要分分佈土耳其、北馬其頓、科索沃、波斯尼亞、德國、法國、阿塞拜疆、北塞浦路斯、希臘、俄羅斯、保加利亞、格鲁吉亞、羅馬尼亞、奧地利、英國、荷蘭、比利時、列支敦士登、伊拉克、黎巴嫩、哈薩克斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、澳大利亞、北美地區等地。而土耳其人祖先最早可追溯至突厥人。他們使用的語言為土耳其語。
詞源和民族認同[编辑]
土耳其人主要種族來源是安納托利亞的希臘人、亞美尼亞人、庫爾德人、阿拉伯人與波斯人,以及古代的赫梯、吕底亞人與後來的高加索地區和巴爾幹半島的居民混血而成,屬於高加索人種中的巴爾幹-高加索人種;但在文化心理認同上,土耳其人普遍接受自己是突厥人[75]。
土耳其人最早是由拜占庭希臘人與阿拉伯人混合而成,1071年之後,烏古斯人開始在安納托利亞建國,蒙古伊爾汗國時代大量烏古斯人因躲避蒙古人進入安納托利亞,逐渐融入當地居民中,同時將伊斯蘭教信仰帶入土耳其。
文化[编辑]
藝術與建築[编辑]
土耳其建築在奧斯曼帝國時期發展達到巔峰;受塞爾柱,拜占庭和伊斯蘭建築影響的奧斯曼建築開始發展自己的風格[76],奧斯曼建築混合地中海和中東建築的風格。隨著土耳其從封建帝國轉變成民主共和國,實行政教的分離政策,藝術表現方式的大量增加。土耳其政府投入大量資源進入藝術領域;如博物館,劇院,歌劇院和建築。[77]
傳統的土耳其音樂包括源自奧斯曼王朝宮廷的土耳其民間音樂(Halk Müziği),土耳其民間音樂,Fasıl和奧斯曼古典音樂。[78]
現代土耳其音樂包含土耳其流行音樂,搖滾和土耳其嘻哈音樂。[78]
語言[编辑]
土耳其語,也稱土耳其文,屬於阿爾泰語系突厥語族烏古斯語支。在土耳其、巴爾幹半島、賽普勒斯、梅斯赫季和以前奧斯曼帝國統治的區域。土耳其語是土耳其共和國的官方語言。在巴爾幹半島,土耳其裔仍然使用土耳其語,特別是在保加利亞,希臘(主要是西色雷斯),科索沃,馬其頓共和國,羅馬尼亞(主要在多布羅加)和摩爾多瓦(主要在加告茲)。[79] 塞浦路斯的土耳其語於1571年被奧斯曼帝國征服時被引入,並成為很重要的語言。[80]
宗教[编辑]
根據中央情報局的統計資料,土耳其99.8%的人口是穆斯林,大多數是遜尼派(哈乃斐派),其餘的0.2%主要是基督徒和猶太人。[82]土耳其估計有1千萬到1千5百萬的阿列維派穆斯林。[83] 土耳其的基督徒族群包括敘利亞人[84] ,亞美尼亞人和希臘人[85] 。 土耳其猶太人主要是塞法迪猶太人[86];土耳其基督教新教信徒主要為穆斯林改宗者。[87][88][89][90]
根據KONDA研究,只有9.7%的人口稱自己是“完全虔誠的信徒”,而52.8%的人表示自己有“宗教信仰”。[91] 69.4%的受訪者表示他們或他們的太太會穿著伊斯蘭蓋頭(其中1.3%是卡多爾),儘管這一比率在幾個人口統計學中下降:18-28 歲時有53%,大學畢業有27.5%,碩士或更高學位有16.1% 。[67]自共和國時代以來,土耳其為一個世俗國家。[92]根據一項民意調查,90%的受訪者表示,土耳其應被定義為世俗國家。[93]
基因遺傳來源[编辑]
早期研究土耳其人基因,大都認為土耳其人基因為中亞突厥人的基因,2003年一項關於等位基因頻率的研究表明,屬於蒙古人種的突厥人與現代小亞細亞土耳其人之間缺乏遺傳關係,儘管土耳其人使用的土耳其語屬於突厥語系。[94]根據American Journal of Physical Anthropology(2008)研究,今天的土耳其人與巴爾幹半島的種族的關係比與中亞的種族更為接近[95],然而,最近的研究提到了混血基因。
土耳其人的人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群分佈[编辑]

- Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)=24% – J2 (M172)[96] 典型的西地中海,高加索,西亞,中亞和南亞基因
- Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)=14.7%[96] 在歐亞大陸西部廣泛分佈,具有鮮明的“西亞”和“西歐”血統
- Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)=10.9%[96] – 典型的高加索人和中東,中亞南部和歐洲的基因
- Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)=10.7%[96] 北非、東非和西亞基因[97]
- Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)=9%[96] – 典型的阿拉伯半島和達吉斯坦人基因
- Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)=6.9%[96] – 分佈在中亞、南亞、中歐、東歐和東南歐
- Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)=5.3%[96] – 斯堪的納維亞半島、撒丁島、庫爾德人和東歐族群基因
- Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)=4.5%[96] – 典型的亞洲族群和高加索人基因
- Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)=4.2%[96] – 典型的印度次大陸和呼羅珊(現在西亞和中亞部分地區)基因,在高加索地區有零星分佈
- Haplogroup L (Y-DNA)=3.8%[96] – 典型烏拉爾西伯利亞基因
- Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)=2.5%[96] – 典型的地中海、中東、東北非和南亞基因
- Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)=1.9%[96] – 典型的古西伯利亞基因
- Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)=1.3%[96] – 典型的西伯利亞和蒙古基因
- Haplogroup R2 (Y-DNA)=0.96%[96] 典型南亞基因
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