城市地理学

城市地理学是研究在不同地理环境下，城市形成、发展、组合分布和空间结构变化规律的学科，既是人文地理学中聚落地理学的重要分支，又是城市科学群的重要组成部分。

城市地理學研究的主軸包括了城市與地理環境的互動、經濟和自然資源的流動、發展模式和基礎設施、城市中作為行動者的人與非人、政治體制、城市治理、衰敗和復興以及社會空間包容、排斥和日常生活等概念。城市地理學在各個方面的研究有助於更好地了解全球城市環境發展所涉及的佈局和規劃，以揭示和预测世界各地区的城市发展與变化的規律性。

歷史

城市地理學在1973年隨著大衛·哈維發表的《社會正義與城市》成為一個關鍵的子領域，該著作也受到先前Anne Buttkmer（英语：Anne Buttkmer）著作的影響^[1]。19世紀末，在恩格斯對工人階級生活條件的地理分析中，城市計畫最初著手於解決工業革命帶來的負面影響^[2]。

1924年，Marcel Aurousseau（英语：Marcel Aurousseau）認為以城市地理學在研究上的重要性，不應被視為地理學的子領域。然而城市地理學直到第二次世界大戰後，才逐漸從較關注於物理地形的地理學中分離，成為獨立的學科。最早的代表學者有Chauncy Harris（英语：Chauncy Harris）與Edward Ullman（英语：Edward Ullman）^[3]^[4]。

1930年代，城市地理學在蘇聯興起，作為在城市化與共產主義城市規劃的學術支撐，並著重於城市的經濟角色和潛力^[5]。

空間分析、行為分析、馬克思主義、人文主義、社會理論、女性主義以及後現代主義都是城市地理學在西方學術界會採用的研究取向^[6]。

得以運用數位處理龐大數據的地理資訊科學在1980年代開始被廣泛運用，在城市地理學有相當多的應用^[7]。

都市發展的模式

一個城市或聚落的發展模式描述了人類活動與建築是如何在地景上組織與建構的。城市環境由道路或橋等「硬基礎設施」以及社會福利或醫療服務等「軟基礎設施」所組成。為了對抗城市發展對環境帶來的負面影響，許多城市設立了社區公園、汙水與廢棄物處理設施等「綠色基礎設施」，這些設施能有效應對氣候變遷並降低水災風險^[8]。研究發現綠色基礎設施不僅能改善空氣品質，也能提升心理健康。^[9]

参考文献

^ Buttimer, Anne. "Social Space in Interdisciplinary Perspective." Geographical Review 59, no. 3 (1969): 417-26. doi:10.2307/213485.
^ Engels, Friedrich. The condition of the working class in England in 1844. London: Allen and Unwin, 1892.
^ Carter (1995), pp. 1–4.
^ Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 4. "The first half of the 20th century saw the gradual emergence of the field of urban geography, which was based on several fundamental concepts developed by a limited number of scholars. The first courses in urban geography were not taught until the 1940s (by Chauncy Harris, the father of urban geography, at Indiana University and by Edward Ullman at Harvard University)> The second half of the 20th century then witnessed the development of urban geography as a major substantive subdiscipline in geography. At the dawn of the 21st century, only the technical field of geographic information sciences had more members in the leading and largest professional geography society, the Association of American Geographers (AAG) than the urban geography group did."
^ G.M. Lappo & N.V. Petrov, Urban Geography in the Soviet Union and the United States; Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992; ISBN 0-8476-7568-8; pp. 15–20.
^ Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 8–11.
^ Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 11–14.
^ Reu Junqueira, Juliana; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; White, Iain. Using green infrastructure as a social equity approach to reduce flood risks and address climate change impacts: A comparison of performance between cities and towns. Cities. 2022-12-01, 131: 104051. S2CID 253179255. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.104051. hdl:10289/15328  （英语）.
^ Marques, Piatã; Silva, Andrey Santos; Quaresma, Yane; Manna, Luisa Resende; de Magalhães Neto, Newton; Mazzoni, Rosana. Home gardens can be more important than other urban green infrastructure for mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021-09-01, 64: 127268. ISSN 1618-8667. PMC 8414053 . PMID 34493938. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127268 （英语）.

延伸閱讀

周一星. 《城市地理学》. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2003. ISBN 978-7-100-01523-3 （中文（中国大陆））.
许学强. 《城市地理学》. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 2009. ISBN 978-7-04-019871-3 （中文（中国大陆））.
陳伯中. 《都市地理學》. 台北: 三民. 1983. ISBN 978-957-14-0720-3 （中文（臺灣））.
薛益忠. 《都市地理學》. 台北: 三民. 2006. ISBN 978-957-14-4545-8 （中文（臺灣））.
Doreen Massey; John Allen; Steve Pile. 《城市世界》. 由王志弘翻译. 臺北市: 群學. 2009 （中文（臺灣））.

参见

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[1] Buttimer, Anne. "Social Space in Interdisciplinary Perspective." Geographical Review 59, no. 3 (1969): 417-26. doi:10.2307/213485.

[2] Engels, Friedrich. The condition of the working class in England in 1844. London: Allen and Unwin, 1892.

[3] Carter (1995), pp. 1–4.

[4] Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 4. "The first half of the 20th century saw the gradual emergence of the field of urban geography, which was based on several fundamental concepts developed by a limited number of scholars. The first courses in urban geography were not taught until the 1940s (by Chauncy Harris, the father of urban geography, at Indiana University and by Edward Ullman at Harvard University)> The second half of the 20th century then witnessed the development of urban geography as a major substantive subdiscipline in geography. At the dawn of the 21st century, only the technical field of geographic information sciences had more members in the leading and largest professional geography society, the Association of American Geographers (AAG) than the urban geography group did."

[5] G.M. Lappo & N.V. Petrov, Urban Geography in the Soviet Union and the United States; Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1992; ISBN 0-8476-7568-8; pp. 15–20.

[6] Kaplan et al. (2004), pp. 8–11.

[7] Kaplan et al. (2004), p. 11–14.

[8] Reu Junqueira, Juliana; Serrao-Neumann, Silvia; White, Iain. Using green infrastructure as a social equity approach to reduce flood risks and address climate change impacts: A comparison of performance between cities and towns. Cities. 2022-12-01, 131: 104051. S2CID 253179255. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.104051. hdl:10289/15328  （英语）.

[9] Marques, Piatã; Silva, Andrey Santos; Quaresma, Yane; Manna, Luisa Resende; de Magalhães Neto, Newton; Mazzoni, Rosana. Home gardens can be more important than other urban green infrastructure for mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemics. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021-09-01, 64: 127268. ISSN 1618-8667. PMC 8414053 . PMID 34493938. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127268 （英语）.

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查论编人文地理学的分支和方法
分支	行為地理學文化地理学發展地理學环境地理学醫學地理學历史地理学語言地理學地理營銷（英语：Geomarketing）军事地理学政治地理学人口地理学宗教地理学社会地理学戰略地理學旅游地理学交通运输地理学城市地理学
方法	批判地理學文化理論（英语：Culture theory）女性主義地理學（英语：Feminist geography）馬克思主義地理學人文主義地理學（英语：humanistic geography）非表象理論（英语：Non-representational theory）現代主義結構主義符號學后现代主义後結構主義解構主義科学方法時間地理學
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