奧瑞尼亞
| 奧瑞尼亞 (Orania) | |
|---|---|
| 自治城鎮[a] | |
| 颂歌:奧瑞尼亞的呼喚 (Call of Orania) | |
| 坐标:29°49′S 24°24′E / 29.817°S 24.400°E | |
| 國家 | 南非 |
| 省 | 北開普省 |
| 區 | 皮克斯利-卡-塞梅區自治市(Pixley ka Seme) |
| 地方自治市 | 坦貝利赫地方自治市(Thembelihle) |
| 建立 | 1991年 |
| 語源 | 橘河(Orange River) |
| 政府 | |
| • 类型 | 奧瑞尼亞代表委員會(Orania Representative Council) |
| 面积[1] | |
| • 总计 | 8.95 平方公里(3.46 平方英里) |
| 海拔 | 1,180 公尺(3,870 英尺) |
| 人口(2024年)[2][3][4] | |
| • 總計 | 3,025人 |
| • 密度 | 338人/平方公里(875人/平方英里) |
| 種族構成 (2011年)[1] | |
| • 白人 | 97.2% |
| • 有色人種 | 1.9% |
| • 黑人 | 0.9% |
| 第一語言 (2011年)[1] | |
| • 南非語 | 98.4% |
| 时区 | SAST(UTC+2) |
| 郵政編碼 (街道) | 8752 |
| PO box | 8752 |
| 區號 | 053 |
| 網站 | orania |
奧瑞尼亞(Orania,阿非利卡語發音:[uəˈrɑːnia])是南非的一個由阿非利卡人(舊稱布爾人)建立的白人分離主義[5][6] 城鎮。[7] 它位於北開普省卡魯地區的橘河沿岸。[8] 該鎮坐落於R369公路上,距離開普敦871公里(541英里),距離普利托利亞約680公里(420英里)。[9] 其氣候為乾旱氣候。
該鎮的建立目標是為阿非利卡人族群、南非語和阿非利卡文化創建一個民族堡壘(stronghold),方式是透過建立一個稱為民族家園(Volkstaat)的阿非利卡人國家。[10][11] 外界觀察家和學者普遍將該鎮描述為「僅限白人」且是試圖復辟種族隔離制度,儘管該社區否認這一點。[6][8] 居住在鎮上需要申請,接受與否取決於申請人是否為阿非利卡人、能證明流利使用南非語、無犯罪記錄,並認同社區的價值觀和目標。[12] 阿非利卡加爾文主義是當地文化的一個重要面向。雖然南非政府表示反對純白人社區的想法,但通常對該鎮不予理會。
該鎮的經濟側重於自給自足,主要以農業為基礎,特別是種植胡桃。奧瑞尼亞發行自己的類貨幣代金券,可在其商店中使用,並維持著南非最後一個過渡性代表委員會(transitional representative council)。該鎮主要透過太陽能追求能源獨立,建造了自己的污水處理廠,並嘗試引入自己的加密貨幣以替代現金。[13][14][15][16]
有兩位南非總統曾訪問該鎮。納爾遜·曼德拉於1995年到訪,雅各布·祖瑪則於201年到訪。該鎮也曾接待過來自科薩人和茨瓦納人的部落領袖。
該鎮的年增長率在2019年估計為10%——比南非任何其他城鎮都快。[17] 從2018年到2022年中,人口增加了55%,達到2500人,[13]並在2023年7月達到2800人。[18] 2023年,鎮議會宣布計劃盡快將人口增長至10,000人。[19]
參見
[编辑]- 阿非利卡民族主義
- 尤里卡市(Eureka City)
- 門禁社區
- 家園
- 意向社區(Intentional community)
- 克萊因方丹(Kleinfontein)
- 卡雷爾·博肖夫(Carel Boshoff)
- 卡雷爾·博肖夫四世(Carel Boshoff IV)
- 民族家園(Volkstaat)
- 開普共和國(Cape Republic)
- 白人外遷(White flight)
- 布爾共和國
備註
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Main Place "Orania". Census 2011. [10 January 2014]. (原始内容存档于9 November 2013).
- ^ Strydom, Joost. Population growth for 2021. Twitter. [29 September 2022]. (原始内容存档于2022-12-29). Orania Dorpskantoor just announced population growth for 2021. 15% growth! (16.5% in 2020) We expect this to continue in 2022. Current average age 37. This is 2021 data but [population size] was 2,377
- ^ Orania Census 2023 (PDF). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2024-11-06) (南非荷兰语).
- ^ INWONERTAL VAN ORANIA SENSUS 2024 WORD BEKEND GEMAAK. [2025-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2025-07-20) (南非荷兰语).
- ^ 「白人分離主義」來源:
- Majavu, Mandisi. Orania: A white homeland in post-apartheid South Africa
. Sociology Compass. 12 June 2022, 16 (7). ISSN 1751-9020. doi:10.1111/soc4.13004. - Doherty, Christo. Moving Monuments: Settler Nationalism and the Peregrinations of the Transvaal Irish Brigade Monument
. Interventions. 2 January 2021, 23 (1): 144–169 [2025-09-02]. ISSN 1369-801X. doi:10.1080/1369801X.2020.1813614. (原始内容存档于2025-03-24). - Thumbran, Janeke. Separate Development and Self-Reliance at the University of Pretoria. Kronos. 2017, 43 (1): 114 [2025-09-02]. ISSN 0259-0190. doi:10.17159/2309-9585/2017/v43a7
. (原始内容存档于2025-04-28).
- Majavu, Mandisi. Orania: A white homeland in post-apartheid South Africa
- ^ 6.0 6.1 「僅限白人」的額外來源:
- Weinberg, Tara. The Griqua Past and the Limits of South African History, 1902–1994; Settler Colonialism and Land Rights in South Africa: Possession and Dispossession on the Orange River
. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2 January 2015, 41 (1): 211–214. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 144750398. doi:10.1080/03057070.2015.991591. In order to maintain a whites-only town, the Orania group set up an entity called the Vlutjeskraal shareblock scheme (VAB), which approves who has use rights to property in the town (no one except the VAB owns property).
- Kotze, Nico; Schoeman, Ruan; Carow, Sanet; Schmitz, Peter. Orania—24 Years After Apartheid: The Sociopolitical Reanimation of a Small Rural Town in South Africa. Key Challenges in Geography. Cham: Springer International Publishing. October 6, 2019: 217–230. ISBN 978-3-030-28191-5. S2CID 210732886. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28191-5_17 –通过Springer Link.
- Thumbran, Janeke. Separate Development and Self-Reliance at the University of Pretoria. Kronos. 2017, 43 (1): 114. ISSN 0259-0190. doi:10.17159/2309-9585/2017/v43a7
. In 2007, the University of Pretoria's office of community engagement arranged for a group of black women from a Pretoria township to travel to the whites-only town of Orania
[永久失效連結]
- Weinberg, Tara. The Griqua Past and the Limits of South African History, 1902–1994; Settler Colonialism and Land Rights in South Africa: Possession and Dispossession on the Orange River
- ^ Smith, Candace; Pitts, Byron. Inside the all-white 'Apartheid town' of Orania, South Africa. ABC News. 12 April 2019 [2025-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-24).
...the town was created during the last years of apartheid, where it was meant to be a safe haven for Afrikaners. They are the ethnic group descended from the Europeans who colonized South Africa. They speak their own language, Afrikaans.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Fihlani, Pumza. Inside South Africa's whites-only town of Orania. BBC News. 6 October 2014 [6 October 2014]. (原始内容存档于6 October 2014).
- ^ Pretoria — Orania, distance between cities (km, mi), Driving directions, road. za.toponavi.com. [2023-06-05]. (原始内容存档于2025-01-20).
- ^ Davis, Rebecca. Orania: The place where time stood still. Daily Maverick. 15 May 2013 [8 January 2022]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-01).
- ^ Schonteich & Boshoff 2003,第44頁.
- ^ 'Not racist': Orania shuns 'system of cheap black labour'. The South African. Agence France-Presse. 2022-09-04 [2023-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-24) (en-ZA).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Flanagan, Jane. Afrikaners declare independence in their desert 'Eden'. The Times. 2023-08-23 [2023-08-23]. ISSN 0140-0460. (原始内容存档于2022-06-15) (英语).
- ^ Nair, Nivashni. Orania aims for 'energy independence'. TimesLIVE. 2022-05-27 [2023-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-24) (en-ZA).
- ^ Barber, Gregory. Inside an All-White Town's Divisive Experiment With Cryptocurrency. Wired. 2019-06-06 [2023-08-23]. ISSN 1059-1028. (原始内容存档于2025-08-25) (美国英语).
- ^ Morapela, Katleho. Orania on solar energy plan to get off Eskom grid. SABC News. 2022-07-04 [2023-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-24) (美国英语).
- ^ Webster, Dennis. 'An indictment of South Africa': whites-only town Orania is booming. The Guardian. 24 October 2019.
- ^ Jolly, Vincent. Boer, blanche et prospère : une semaine à Orania, qui refuse le multiculturalisme sud-africain. Le Figaro. 2023-07-08 [2023-08-23]. (原始内容存档于2025-05-12) (法语).
- ^ Hermann, Dirk. Van dorp na Afrikanerstad. Marela Media. 24 August 2023 [2025-09-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-09) (南非荷兰语).
參考文獻
[编辑]- Cavanagh, Edward. Settler Colonialism and Land Rights in South Africa: Possession and Dispossession on the Orange River. Palgrave Macmillan. 2013. ISBN 978-1-137-30577-0.
- Cavanagh, Edward. The History of Dispossession at Orania and the Politics of Land Restitution in South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies. 2013b, 39 (2): 391–407. ISSN 0305-7070. S2CID 216091875. doi:10.1080/03057070.2013.795811.
- Christopher, A.J. Atlas of Changing South Africa. Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-1-134-61674-9.
- Delvecki, Ajax; Greiner, Alyson. Circling of the Wagons?: A Look at Orania, South Africa. Focus on Geography. December 2014, 57 (4): 164–173. doi:10.1111/foge.12042.
- Dicey, William. Borderline. Kwela Books. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7957-0189-4.
- Haleniuk, Aleksander, Orania – the embryo of a new Volkstaat?, Uniwersytet Warszawski, October 2013 [25 August 2014]
- Millner, Caille. The Golden Road: Notes on My Gentrification. Penguin. 29 January 2008. ISBN 978-0-14-311297-6.
- Naudé-Moseley, Brent; Moseley, Steve. Getaway Guide to Karoo, Namaqualand & Kalahari. Sunbird. 2008. ISBN 978-1-919938-58-5.
If you want to taste regte egte (real genuine) Afrikaans culture, arrange a visit to Orania during one of their special occasions when they'll host traditional dancing, volkspele (games) such as jukskei (yoke-pin) and eat skaapkop (traditional sheep-head delicacy).
- Norman, Kajsa. Bridge Over Blood River: The Rise and Fall of the Afrikaners. Oxford University Press. 2017. ISBN 9781849048552.
- Pogrund, Benjamin. Drawing Fire: Investigating the Accusations of Apartheid in Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. 2014. ISBN 9781442226845.
- Schonteich, Martin; Boshoff, Henri, 'Volk' Faith and Fatherland. The Security Threat Posed by the White Right (PDF), Institute for Security Studies, 2003 [5 January 2014], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于6 January 2014)
- Seldon, Sylvia. Orania and the reinvention of Afrikanerdom (学位论文). University of Edinburgh. 2014. hdl:1842/14194.
- Veracini, Lorenzo. Orania as Settler Self-Transfer. Settler Colonial Studies. 2011, 1 (2): 190–196. S2CID 51849119. doi:10.1080/2201473X.2011.10648821. hdl:1959.3/355259
. - Vestergaard, Mads. Afrikanerdoom?: negotiating Afrikaner identity in post-apartheid South Africa (学位论文). University of Cape Town: 107–110. 2000. hdl:11427/9736.
外部連結
[编辑]- 官方网站 (南非語)
- Voorgrond 期刊 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期4 June 2023.,該鎮的時事通訊
- YouTube上的Ripping the rainbow – eNCA CheckPoint 關於該鎮的專題報導 (2014年12月)
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