尼加拉瓜革命
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尼加拉瓜革命 | |||||||||
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the Central American crisis and the Cold War的一部分 | |||||||||
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参战方 | |||||||||
![]() (1979–90) Supported by: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Supported by:![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Template:Country data PLO[12] ![]() ![]() | ||||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
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伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
1978–79: 10,000 total killed[17] 1981–89: 10,000–43,000 total killed; best estimate using most detailed battle information is 30,000 killed.[17] |
尼加拉瓜革命(西班牙語:Revolución Nicaragüense),又称桑地诺人民革命(Revolución Popular Sandinista)或桑地诺革命(Revolución Sandinista),是1961年-1990年发生在尼加拉瓜的革命运动。1937年,索摩查家族开始在尼加拉瓜实行独裁统治。1961年,卡洛斯·丰塞卡创建桑地诺民族解放阵线(桑解阵),积极反对索摩查家族政权。1978年初,因抗议索摩查家族政权杀害反对派领导人莫罗,爆发了全国性反对索摩查独裁统治的浪潮。1979年7月,桑解阵武装推翻索摩查家族的独裁统治,建立以丹尼尔·奥尔特加为首的国家重建军政府(1985年1月,过渡为民选政府)[18]。桑解阵执政后,实行经济改革和文化革命。此后,由于美国支持右翼势力“康特拉”反对得到苏联援助的桑解阵政府,尼加拉瓜政局持续动荡,最终演变成代理人战争。1989年,内战双方签订《特拉协议》,结束战争,并筹备有各方势力参加的大选。1990年2月,全国反对派联盟在大选中击败桑解阵,桑解阵政权垮台,革命结束。
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 165. Page 271. Page 481.
- ^ CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy. [10 April 2015].
- ^ Reagan Says Saudi Talked of Contra Aid. tribunedigital-chicagotribune. [10 April 2015].
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Saudi Arabia and the Reagan Doctrine – Middle East Research and Information Project. [10 April 2015].
- ^ MCMANUS, DOYLE. Private Contra Funding of $32 Million Disclosed : Leader Shows Secret Bank Data in Effort to Prove Rebels Did Not Get Money From Iran Arms Sales. Los Angeles Times. 6 March 1987 [19 August 2019].
- ^ The Contras, Cocaine, and Covert Operations. [10 April 2015].
- ^ The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability. Page 255.
- ^ Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs. www.brown.edu. [9 April 2017]. (原始内容存档于8 June 2017). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 216. Page 485.
- ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices, and .... [10 April 2015].
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 27.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran/Contra Affair, 1995. Page 485.
- ^ Mexico's Support of the Sandinista Revolution. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo.
- ^ Our work in Nicaragua. Swedish International Development Corporation Agency (www.sida.se). 2009. (原始内容存档于2013-06-15). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Sandinistas Find Economic Ally In Socialist Sweden. philly-archives. [10 April 2015].
- ^ Daniel Ortega, Encyclopædia Britannica 15th, 1993
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Lacina, Bethany. The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946–2008, Version 3.0: Documentation of Coding Decisions (PDF). International Peace Research Institute, Oslo. [5 August 2013].
- ^ Daniel Ortega, Encyclopædia Britannica 15th, 1993