市民 (社会阶级)
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市民（英語：burgher）是中世纪至近代欧洲部分城镇居民的阶级或头衔。这一群体一般享有一定特权，如享有参政权、可从事特定职业、免于徭役。市民身份的获取条件因国家和城市而异[1]。
在部分语言中，本意为“市民”的词后来有了“中产者”、“资产者”的含义，如法语的“bourgeois”、德语的“Bürger”。
形成
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市民阶层诞生于13世纪，与遵循独立法律体系的中世纪城镇兴起密切相关。封建统治者授予市民自治权及其他特权。所谓"市民"特指享有城市法定权利者（并非所有城镇居住者）。欲满足获取这些权利的条件，首先必须在市政条例、市议会法令乃至有时极为严苛的诏令规约下，通过特定法律程序获得城市公民身份。
获得市民身份的准入标准因国家、城市而异[2]。在匈牙利，申请人需证明在城镇拥有房产方可获准成为市民[3]。
特权
[编辑]以中世纪的瑞士为例，针对市民的犯罪行为被视为对整座城市共同体的侵犯。若有市民遭遇谋杀，其他市民有权通过司法决斗的方式对嫌疑凶手进行审判[4]。这一实践源自日耳曼法律传统中的决斗审判制度，常在缺乏证人或口供的情况下用于裁决争端。
在荷兰，市民通常可免除徭役（corvée）或无偿劳役，此项特权后来还延伸至荷属东印度群岛[5]。阿姆斯特丹的城市卫队（Schutterij）仅限市民加入，因为卫兵必须自行购置昂贵的装备。加入卫队往往成为跻身政界的重要跳板。
各地市民
[编辑]不列颠与爱尔兰
[编辑]德国
[编辑]低地国家
[编辑]瑞士
[编辑]南非
[编辑]特定城市
[编辑]参考文献
[编辑]- ^ Deboeck, Guido J. Flemish DNA & Ancestry: History of Three Families Over Five. 2007. ISBN 0972552677.
Those who lived outside the city could still become burghers but they would be 'buiten-poorters' or outside burghers. The way to become a burgher was different from town to town and city to city; some cities required registration ....
- ^ Deboeck, Guido J. Flemish DNA & Ancestry: History of Three Families Over Five. Dokus. 2007. ISBN 978-0972552677.
Those who lived outside the city could still become burghers but they would be 'buiten-poorters' or outside burghers. The way to become a burgher was different from town to town and city to city; some cities required registration ....
- ^ Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. Slovakia in History. Cambridge University Press. 2011: 49. ISBN 978-1139494946.
Proof of ownership of property in a given town – that is, purchase of a house or land or acquisition of the same by marriage to the daughter or widow of a burgher – was a significant condition for acceptance as a burgher.
- ^ Simond, Louis. Switzerland; or, A Journal of a Tour and Residence in that Country. 1822.
If a burgher was assassinated, all the others had a right to bring the supposed murderer to trial by judicial combat, assumere duellum; and the chronicle of 1288 adds a singular circumstance, Duellum fuit in Berne inter virum et mulierem, sed ....
- ^ Bosma, Ulbe; Raben, Remco. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolization and Empire. NUS Press. 2008. ISBN 978-9971693732.
... abandoned the idea of equal rights because not all Christians could be labeled 'Burgher'. If someone were subject to a local head, they were obliged to perform corvee, but anyone categorized as a Burgher was exempt from this.
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 | 这是一篇中世纪相关小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 |
  | 这是一篇欧洲历史相关小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 |