我,至高无上者
| 我,至高无上者 | |
|---|---|
| 原名 | Yo el Supremo |
| 作者 | 奥古斯托·罗亚·巴斯托斯 |
| 类型 | 历史小说、独裁者小说 |
| 语言 | 西班牙语 |
| 出版資訊 | |
| 出版日期 | 1974 |
| 出版地 | 巴拉圭 |
| 媒介 | 印刷版 (精装及平装) |
| 權威控制 | |
| 杜威分类法 | 863/.64 21 |
| LC分类法 | PQ8259.R56 Y613 2000 |
《我,至高无上者》(西班牙语:Yo el Supremo)是一部由巴拉圭流亡作家奥古斯托·罗亚·巴斯托斯创作的历史小说。作品以十九世纪巴拉圭独裁者何塞·加斯帕尔·罗德里格斯·德·弗朗西亚的生平为原型,虚构地再现了这位亦被称为“弗朗西亚博士”(Dr. Francia)的统治者形象。书名“至高无上者”即源于弗朗西亚自称“El Supremo”,意为“最高统治者”。作为巴拉圭历史上一长串独裁者的开端,弗朗西亚是一位冷酷而精于算计的暴君[1]。
小说的核心主题是权力与语言,以及二者之间的关系。至高无上者自认为超越了一切权力与历史的束缚:“我不是在书写历史,我是在创造历史。我可以随心所欲地重塑它,调整、强调、丰富它的意义与真实。”[2]这种自信的宣言却在小说中不断受到挑战。因为他正是通过书写与命令来获得权力,而这些相同的手段,也能被他人用来质疑乃至推翻他的权威。甚至他自身的身份——那个代表“我”的人称代词——也并非稳固不变,随时可能被他人夺取,如讽刺诗事件所示。语言虽强大无比,却永远无法被完全掌控,它既可成为压迫的工具,也能成为反抗的武器。
在罗亚·巴斯托斯写作此书的时期,巴拉圭正处于阿尔弗雷多·斯特罗斯纳的独裁统治之下,其在位时间甚至超过了弗朗西亚。许多评论者认为,《我,至高无上者》至少在某种程度上,是对斯特罗斯纳的隐晦讽刺与批判。斯特罗斯纳与弗朗西亚如出一辙,皆以消灭反对派、施行酷刑、镇压异议为手段来维系对国家的绝对控制。凭借对弗朗西亚的描写与对斯特罗斯纳的批判,该书被归入独裁者小说这一文学类型,也被视为拉丁美洲文学爆炸时期的代表作之一[3]。小说于1974年以西班牙语首次出版。
与许多拉丁美洲文学爆炸时期的作品一样,《我,至高无上者》并未成为国际畅销书,但却赢得了评论界的高度赞誉。文学评论家杰拉尔德·马丁(Gerald Martin)称其为“一种非凡的文化现象”,并指出:“自《百年孤独》以来,还没有哪部小说能像《我,至高无上者》那样迅速且一致地获得如此广泛的赞赏;就其纯粹的历史意义而言,它甚至可能超过加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯那部享誉世界的杰作。”[4]作品对“权力”与“语言”两大主题的深刻处理同样备受推崇。
然而,斯特罗斯纳政权对这部小说并不友善。由于作品触及现实政治并暗含批判,罗亚·巴斯托斯最终被列为“三位被禁止返回祖国的公民”之一,被迫长期流亡海外[5]。
注脚
[编辑]- ^ Hoyt Williams 1979,第99頁.
- ^ Roa Bastos 1986,第194頁.
- ^ Fuentes 1986.
- ^ Martin 1989,第278頁.
- ^ Rowe & Whitfield 1987,第245頁.
参考文献
[编辑]- Agosin, Marjorie, Inhabitants of Decayed Palaces: The Dictator in the Latin American Novel, Human Rights Quarterly, May 1990, 12 (2): 328–335, JSTOR 762382, doi:10.2307/762382. Trans. Barbara E. Pierce. (JSTOR subscription required.)
- Buffery, Helena, Roa Bastos and the Question of Cultural Translatability (Or How Does One Get to Paraguay?), Dissidences. Hispanic Journal of Theory and Criticism, August 30, 2005 [2008-03-06].
- Caistor, Nick, Augusto Roa Bastos. Obituary, The Guardian, April 28, 2005 [2008-03-16].
- Deiner, John T., I, The Supreme: Politically Related Themes in the Novel, MACLAS: Latin American Essays, 1999, 13: 105–118.
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- Pope, Randolph D., The Spanish American novel from 1950 to 1975, González Echevarría, Roberto (编), The Cambridge History of Latin American Literature, Volume 2: The Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 226–279, 1996, ISBN 978-0-521-41035-9.
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