圣传经
圣传经(梵語:स्मृति,羅馬化:smṛti,直译:「忆持所得」),亦音译为斯摩哩提、斯摩哩底,是印度教一类典籍的总称,指代依靠记忆传承、后世笔录成文的传统文献[1],全部内容皆脱胎或取法于吠陀天启文献[2]。圣传经大多留有明确撰者名号,依靠手抄本流传;与之相对,吠陀天启典籍文本定型、无专属作者,世代依靠口诵传承[2]。在印度教义理体系中,圣传经属于衍生次级典籍,权威性不及天启,仅弥曼差学派持不同观点[3][4][5]。正统诸派认可圣传经具备效力,根源在于其依托天启经典而立[6][7]。
圣传经文献包罗各类典籍,涵盖六吠陀支(吠陀配套辅助学问)、两大史诗(《摩诃婆罗多》《罗摩衍那》)、《法经》与《法论》(又称圣传论)、《利论》、《往世书》、诗赋文学、大量疏释(对天启与非天启典籍的注解评述)以及诸多纂集汇编,囊括治国、伦理(正道论)[8]、文化、艺文与社会相关内容[1][9]。
每一部圣传经都存在多种传本,字句异文繁多[2]。古印度至中世纪的传统里,圣传经文本并无定版,任何人都可自由增删改写[2][4]。
词源
[编辑]圣传经为梵语词汇,词根 √स्मृ,本义为忆念、记持[8]。该词在上古吠陀文献中已出现,例如《歌者奥义书》第7卷第13节。后世及现代学界使用此词,既可指代传统、口传记忆,也泛指庞大的后吠陀“忆持传承”典籍体系[8] [10]。戴维·布里克(David Brick)提出,圣传经最初仅指世间传统习俗,而非书面典籍[11]。
圣传经同时也是数字18的代称,源于印度传统记载中,有18位先贤编撰各类正法相关圣传经(多数著作现已散佚)[8]。此18位先贤分别如下:
- 阿底利(Atri)
- 毗湿奴(Viṣṇu)
- 诃利多(Hārīta)
- 优沙那(Auśanasī)
- 鸯耆罗娑(Āngirasa)
- 阎摩(Yama)
- 阿帕斯坦跋(Āpastamba)
- 三缚多(Saṁvartta)
- 迦底耶衍那(Kātyāyana)
- 毗诃波提(Bṛhaspati)
- 波罗舍罗(Parāśara)
- 毗耶娑(Vyāsa)
- 商佉(Śaṅkha)
- 利乞多(Likhita)[注 1]
- 达刹(Dakṣa)
- 乔答摩(Gautama)
- 夏塔塔帕(Śātātapa)
- 婆私吒(Vaśiṣṭha)[12]
耶若婆佉在此名录基础上增添了两部圣传经,合计20部,即《耶若婆佉法论》与《摩奴法论》[13][14]。名录所载的波罗舍罗同样列举二十位撰者,只是以迦叶波、婆利古、波罗质多替换三缚多、毗诃波提、毗耶娑。
吠陀仙人商底利耶亦著有《商底利耶圣传经》。现代学者婆罗摩·达特·沙斯特里(Brahma Dutt Shastri)将该文献整理收录于六卷汇编《圣传经丛论》之中[15]。
在声韵格律体系里,圣传经是一种诗体之名。印度神话中[16],圣传经为正法(代指道义、伦常、律法、本分、正当行持)与辨慧之女。
典籍分类
[编辑]圣传经代表印度教依靠记忆传承、笔录成文的传统文献[1]。圣传经典籍卷帙浩繁,全部属于衍生次级文献,一切圣传经最终都根植、取法于天启文献[2]。
- 六吠陀支(文法、诗律、声韵、字源、天文、仪轨)[1][17][18]
- 往世史诗(直译往昔实录),即两大史诗《摩诃婆罗多》《罗摩衍那》[1][10]
- 论述人生四大目标的典籍[19]
- 法:此类典籍从宗教、社会、职分、道德、个人修身等角度阐释正法。印度教六大正统学派各有专属正法文献,代表有诸部法经(乔达摩、阿帕斯檀跋、宝陀衍那和婆私吒所作最为知名)与诸部法论(以《摩奴法论》、《耶若婆佉法论》、《那罗陀法论》和《毗湿奴法论》为核心)。个人修持层面,《瑜伽经》诸多章节亦归入此类。
- 利:利类典籍从个体、社会视角梳理经济方略、治国律法,代表有考底利耶《实利论》、迦曼陀吉的《政术精要》[20]、毗诃波提和《毗诃波提经》[21]和苏羯罗的《苏羯罗政论》[22]。奥利维勒提出,古印度大部分利类论著今已亡佚 [23]。
- 欲:阐述艺文、情欲、情爱、两性关系与各类享乐之学,最知名者为婆蹉衍那的《欲经》,其余尚有《爱秘》、《胜吉祥注》、《忆持灯论》、《爱花环》、《珠宝明灯》及《爱神舞台》等[24]。
- 解脱:探讨解脱、自在、灵性出离的本质与修持路径,核心典籍包含后出诸《奥义书》(早期奥义书归天启)、《分辨宝鬘》及各类瑜伽论。
- 往世书(直译古史、旧籍)[1][10]
- 诗赋文学[1]
- 大量疏释(针对天启与非天启典籍的注解评述)[1]
- 印度教各哲学学派的经、论典籍[25]
- 诸多纂集汇编,涵盖治国、医典(《遮罗迦本集》)、伦理(正道论)[8]、文化、艺文与社会内容[1]
圣传经典籍的文本脉络演变
[编辑]历经世代发展,圣传经文本由所谓“吠陀肢体”(用以完善文法、发音的辅助学问,即吠陀支)分化衍生而来[26]。譬如完善祭祀仪轨的需求催生劫波支,又分出三类劫波经:天启仪轨经、家宅仪轨经、法经(推定成书于公元前600至前200年间)[27]。天启仪轨经记载公共盛大祭祀的完整仪法,家宅仪轨经记述居家礼仪与人生各阶段传统仪轨,法经阐释法理、人生四行期的权责与社会伦常[26]。法经自身成为庞大典籍体系的根基,分化出诸多法论文本[26]。
扬·洪达提出,圣传经文本最初以经文这类全新散文体裁成型,经文即“短句格言,凝练精准的文句,浓缩事理、准则、仪轨与义理的核心要义”[28]。洪达认为,这种极简文风的成因,在于公元前第一千年书写技术尚未普及、并未广为流行,海量知识只能依靠记诵、口传、听闻代代传递;精简文本便于承载高密度核心知识,方便古印度人记诵并口授后人[28]。
圣传经在印度教法中的作用
[编辑]圣传经用以阐释印度教正法,但权威性不及天启(包含早期奥义书的吠陀全集)[29]。
最早的教法圣传经:法经
[编辑]古印度法理体系的本源典籍为《法经》。经文明确天启经、圣传经、先贤行持为三大法理依据[30]。现存每一部法经开篇偈颂,都会界定三者的权威次序,举例如下[30]:
वेदोऽखिलो धर्ममूलं स्मृतिशीले च तद्विदाम् ।
आचारश्चैव साधूनामात्मनस्तुष्टिरेव च ॥
译文一:全部吠陀乃是圣法之本源,其次为圣传、通达吠陀者之德行,再有贤人的行持,最终为自心安足[31]
译文二:正法根源为整部吠陀,其次是通达吠陀者的圣传与习俗、有德者之行持,以及令自身心安之道[32]
— 《摩奴法论》2.6
वेदः स्मृतिः सदाचारः स्वस्य च प्रियमात्मनः ।।
एतच्चतुर्विधं प्राहुः साक्षाद् धर्मस्य लक्षणम् ॥
译文一:吠陀、圣传、有德者之习俗、自心之所悦,世人称此四者为界定圣法的四类依据[31]
译文二:吠陀、圣传、善人之行持、自心所悦——世人谓此四者为正法之表征[32]—— 《摩奴法论》2.12
《耶若婆佉法论》将四吠陀、六吠陀支、往世书、正理、弥曼差以及其余诸论,连同贤人的德行一并列为证知圣法的知识渊源。该书对正法范畴阐释如下:
仪轨、合宜行持、达摩(自制)、不害、布施、自修、劳作、依瑜伽证悟阿特曼(自我、灵魂)——凡此种种,皆是正法[33][34]
—— 《耶若婆佉圣传经》1.8
莱文森提出,天启经与圣传经在印度教法中仅作指引依据,该传统奉行一项准则:“任何个案的事实与境遇,决定善恶评判” [35]。莱文森称,后世印度教典籍确立正法四项渊源,即自心安足(良知满足)、善贤行持(有德之人的地方仪范)、圣传经与天启经[35]。
法论疏释
[编辑]弥陀蒂底(Medhātithi)运用正理、弥曼差学说,针对诸部法论,尤以《摩奴法论》为重)中的刑律、民事、家族法所作义理剖析与注解,是现存年代最早、研习最广的第三层级圣传文献[36][37][38]。
相关条目
[编辑]备注
[编辑]- ^ 商佉与利乞多为兄弟;二人各自撰有一部圣传经,又合作撰写第三部,如今此三部文本被视作同一部典籍。
参考文献
[编辑]- ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Bilimoria, Purushottama. The idea of Hindu law. Journal of Oriental Society of Australia. 2011, 43: 103–130.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy (编). Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism. Textual Sources for the Study of Religion. 由Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy; Gold, Daniel; Haberman, David; Shulman, David翻译 Paperback. University of Chicago Press. 1990: 1–2 [1988] [2024-10-12]. ISBN 978-0-226-61847-0 –通过Google Books.
- ^ Lochtefeld, James. Smrti. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism 2: N–Z. Rosen Publishing: 656–657. 2002. ISBN 978-0823931798.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Pollock, Sheldon. Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia. Squarcini, Federico (编). Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia. Anthem Press. 2011: 41–58. ISBN 978-0857284303.
- ^ Coward, Harold G.; Neufeldt, Ronald; Neumaier-Dargyay, Eva K. Readings in Eastern Religions. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 1988: 52. ISBN 978-0-88920-955-8.;
Rambachan, Anantanand. Accomplishing the Accomplished. University of Hawaii Press. 1991: 50. ISBN 978-0-8248-1358-1.;
Inden, Ronald; Walters, Jonathan S.; et al. Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia. Oxford University Press. 2000: 48. ISBN 978-0-19-512430-9. - ^ Guénon, René. The Essential Ren' Gu'non: Metaphysics, Tradition, and the Crisis of Modernity. World Wisdom, Inc. 2009: 164–. ISBN 978-1-933316-57-4.
- ^ Pollock, Sheldon. The Revelation of Tradition: śruti, smrti, and the Sanskrit Discourse of Power. Squarcini, Federico (编). Boundaries, Dynamics And Construction Of Traditions In South Asia. Anthem Press. 2012: 41–62. ISBN 978-1-84331-397-7. doi:10.7135/upo9781843313977.003.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 smRti. Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Germany: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Perrett, Roy. Hindu Ethics: A Philosophical Study. University of Hawaii Press. 1998: 16–18. ISBN 978-0824820855.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Larson, Gerald. The Trimūrti of Smṛti in classical Indian thought. Philosophy East and West. 1993, 43 (3): 373–388.
- ^ Brick, David. Transforming Tradition into Texts: The Early Development of Smrti. 2006: 295–301.
- ^ Brick 2006,第295-301頁.
- ^ Aṣṭādaśasmṛtayaḥ. Veṅkaṭeśvara Steam Press, Mumbai: Kṣemarāja Śrīkṛṣṇadāsa. 1910.
- ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany. Wm. H. Allen & Company / Parbury, Allen & Co. 1828: 156.
- ^ Sen, Amiyakumar. Tattwabodhini Sabha and the Bengal Renaissance. Publication Section, Sadharan Brahmo Samajo. 1979: 291.
- ^ Shastri, Brahma Dutt (编). Smriti Sandarbha. Gurumandal Series. 6 Volumes. Mansukhrai Mor. 1952–57 [2026-07-21]. (原始内容存档于2025-06-02) –通过sanskritebooks.org.
- ^ A Prose English Translation of Srimadbhagavatam. 由Dutt, Manmatha Nath翻译. : RA3-PA5 –通过Google Books.
- ^ Witzel, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael. Vedic Hinduism. Sharma, A. (编). The Study of Hinduism. 2003: 80. ISBN 978-1570034497.
- ^ Winternitz, M. History of Indian Literature 1–3. Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass. 2010 [Reprinted]. ISBN 978-8120802643.
- ^ Skorupski, Tadeusz. Review: Manu Swajambhuwa, Manusmryti, Czyli Traktat o Zacności; Watsjajana Mallanga, Kamasutra. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. New Series. 1988, 120 (1): 208–209.
- ^ Kamandakiya Niti Sara. 由Dutt, M.N.翻译.
- ^ Brihaspati Sutra - Politics and Government. 由Thomas, F.W.翻译. 1921.
- ^ Chapter 1 verse 43 onwards - Rules of State and Duties of Rulers; Chapter 1 verse 424 onwards - Guidelines on infrastructure for economy; Chapter 1 verse 550 onwards - Guidelines on treasury management, law and military; Chapter 2 - Functions of state officials, etc. Sukra Niti. 由Sarkar, B.K.翻译.
- ^ Olivelle, Patrick. Language, Texts, and Society: Explorations in Ancient Indian Culture and Religion. Anthem Press. 2011: 174. ISBN 978-0857284310.
- ^ Potter, Karl (编). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. 1: Bibliography, and Vols. 2-8. Motilal Banarsidass. 2009 [2026-07-21]. ISBN 978-8120803084. (原始内容存档于2015-12-30). — Preview - the site includes Smriti literature of Hinduism, also Buddhism and Jainism
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Flood, Gavin. An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. 1996: 53–56. ISBN 978-0521438780.
- ^ Mitchiner, John E. Traditions of the Seven Rsis. Motilal Banarsidass. 2000: xviii. ISBN 978-8120813243.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Gonda, Jan. The Ritual Sutras. A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 1977: 466–474. ISBN 978-3447018234.
- ^ Lochtefeld, James. Smrti. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism 2: N–Z. Rosen Publishing: 656 and 461. 2002. ISBN 9780823931798.
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Davis, Donald. The Spirit of Hindu Law. Cambridge University Press. 2010: 27. ISBN 978-0521877046.
- ^ 31.0 31.1 The Laws of Manu r 2.6 with footnotes. The Sacred Books of the East 25. 由Bühler, George翻译. Oxford University Press.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Smith, Brian; Doniger, Wendy. The Laws of Manu. Penguin. 1992: 17–18. ISBN 978-0140445404.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Levinson, David. Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment 1. SAGE Publications. 2002: 829. ISBN 978-0761922582.
- ^ Davis, Donald. The Spirit of Hindu Law. Cambridge University Press. 2010: 27–29. ISBN 978-0521877046.
- ^ Davis, Donald. A realist view of Hindu law. Ratio Juris. 2006, 19 (3): 287–313.
- ^ Kane, P. V. History of Dharmasastra. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1930. — Medhatithi;
also see: Manu Smrti with Bhasya of Medhatithi 5 vols. 由Jha, Ganganatha翻译. University of Calcutta Press. 1920.
资料来源
[编辑]- Brick, David. Transforming Tradition into Texts: The Early Development of Smrti. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 2006, 34 (3): 287–302.
- Davis Jr., Donald R. The Spirit of Hindu Law. forthcoming.
- Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain. Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature. Chemla, Karine; Cohen, Robert S.; Renn, Jürgen; et al (编). History of Science, History of Text. Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 2004: 137–157, 360–375. ISBN 9781402023200. doi:10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7.
- Lingat, Robert. The Classical Law of India. 由Derrett, J. Duncan M.翻译. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1973.
- Rocher, Ludo. Hindu Conceptions of Law. Hastings Law Journal. 1978, 29 (6): 1284–1305.
- Staal, Frits. The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science. Mededelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie von Wetenschappen, Afd. Letterkunde, NS 49, 8. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing Company. 1986: 40.