清齒齦擦音

清齒齦擦音（voiceless alveolar fricative）是輔音的一種。和此音對應的國際音標符號會因為此音是否有噝音還是無噝音而有所改變：

• 齒齦有噝音的符號是⟨s⟩，X-SAMPA的符號則是⟨s⟩。如果要表示齒位有噝音和齒齦後有噝音，則要加上變音符號，分別變成[s̪]和[s̠]。
• 齒齦無噝擦音的符號是在現有符號加上變音符號，成[θ̠]或[ɹ̝̊]；又或者以國際音標延伸符號的標準，標成[θ͇]。

舌尖擦音	齒音	齒齦音	齒齦後音
有噝音	s̪	s͇	s̠, ʂ, ʃ
無噝擦音	θ	θ̠, θ͇, ɹ̝̊	ɻ̝̊

清齒齦有噝擦音

清齒齦有噝擦音
s
IPA編號	132
編碼
Unicode碼（十六進制）	U+Khdbdj
X-SAMPA音標	s
ASCII音標	s
IPA盲文
音頻範例
來源 · 幫助

特徵

清齒齦有噝音的特徵：

• 調音方法是有噝擦音，即是引導氣流通過一個由舌尖在調音部位構成的溝和牙齒和尖面，造成較高頻率的湍流。

• 調音部位是齒齦，即舌尖抵住上齒齦脊調音。
• 發聲類型是清音，意味着發音時聲帶並不顫動。
• 本輔音是口腔輔音（口音），表示調音時空氣只從口裡流出。
• 本輔音為中央輔音，調音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。
• 氣流機制是肺部氣流，即由肺與橫膈膜驱动空气。

該音見於漢語

现代标准汉语（标准官话）中有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。

吳語中有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。因其无清化濁聲母，以牙音心生書子母作據。

粵語，客家語，閩語中均有此音，拼音時以s表示，出現在字音開首。基本清化，以牙音心生書邪俟船子母作據。

該音見於英語

英語中以字母c或s表示此音。字母s大多數都是表示此音（或濁齒齦擦音），除了極少數外來語中不發音，如從法語借過來的rendezvous，而字母c同時可以表示清軟顎塞音[k]，一般來說，c在字母a、o、u或子音前讀[k]；在e、i、y前讀[s]。留意當有塞音在[s]後，如/p/、/t/、/k/，該塞音將不會送氣。

清齒齦無噝擦音

清齒齦無噝擦音
θ̠
θ͇
ɹ̝̊
t̞
IPA編號	130 414
編碼
HTML碼（十進制）	θ​̱
Unicode碼（十六進制）	U+03B8 U+0331
音頻範例
來源 · 幫助

清齒齦無噝擦音的特徵和上述的一樣，除了：

• 發音方法是無噝擦音，即是將氣流限制在位於發音部位的狹窄通道通過，造成較低頻率的湍流。

該音見於英語

此音在英語較罕見，在某些口音中作為清齒齦塞音[t]的同位音，例如愛爾蘭口音和英國北方的利物浦和附近地區的口音中。

該音見於冰島語

此音以冰島語字母 þ (thorn)標示。Þ 只出現在字的第一個字母，而濁齒齦無噝擦音[ð] 會在其他地方出現。(古英語中þ 和 ð(eth)此兩個字母都可以標示清齒擦音和濁齒擦音，兩音分佈沒有一定規律；現代英語則用「th」代替這兩個字母。) 冰島語中[θ̠]是舌尖後的扁平面發音，而[ð̠]則以舌尖發音。

例：冰島語 þakið [θ̠akið̠]「屋頂」。

參考文獻

• Adams, Douglas Q., The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe, Language (Linguistic Society of America), 1975, 51 (2): 282–292, JSTOR 412855, doi:10.2307/412855 
• Arvaniti, Amalia, Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 2007, 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-11） 
• Axundov, Ağamusa, Azərbaycan dilinin fonetikasi, Baku, 1983 
• Alan Yates. "Teach Yourself Catalan."
• Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5 
• Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele, The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 131–151, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148 
• Buizza, Emanuela, Frication and affrication of /t/ in RP English, Language at the University of Essex (LangUE) 2010 Proceedings (PDF): 16–28, 2011 [2014-04-18], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-04-19） 
• Canepari, Luciano, Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation], Bologna: Zanichelli, 1992, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 （意大利语） 
• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
• Chew, Peter A., A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers, 2003 
• Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), 2003 [2015-05-04], ISBN 9004103406, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-28） 
• Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223 
• Engstrand, Olle, Fonetikens grunder, Lund: Studenlitteratur, 2004, ISBN 91-44-04238-8 （瑞典语） 
• Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
• Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 73–76, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874 
• Grønnum, Nina, Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk 3rd, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 2005, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 
• Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
• Hickey, Raymond, Coronal Segments in Irish English, Journal of Linguistics, 1984, 20 (2): 233–250, doi:10.1017/S0022226700013876 
• Honeybone, P, Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English, English Language and Linguistics, 2001, 5 (2): 213–249, doi:10.1017/S1360674301000223 
• Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe, Goizueta Basque (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (1): 113–127, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260 
• Kara, Dávid Somfai, Kazak, Lincom Europa, 2002, ISBN 9783895864704 
• Kara, Dávid Somfai, Kyrgyz, Lincom Europa, 2003, ISBN 3895868434 
• Klagstad Jr., Harold L., The Phonemic System of Colloquial Standard Bulgarian, American Association of Teachers of Slavic and East European Languages: 42–54, 1958, JSTOR 304696 
• Kordić, Snježana, Serbo-Croatian, Languages of the World/Materials; 148, Munich & Newcastle: Lincom Europa, 2006, ISBN 3-89586-161-8 
• Kozintseva, Natalia, Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa: 52, 1995, ISBN 3895860352 
• Kress, Bruno, Isländische Grammatik, VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig, 1982 
• Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants Second, Blackwell, 2005 
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 （英语）. 
• Lamb, William, Scottish Gaelic 2nd, Lincom Europa: 118, 2003, ISBN 3-89586-727-6 
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
• Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, Standard Chinese (Beijing), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208 
• Lin, Hua, A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese, Lincom Europa, 2001, ISBN 3-89586-642-3 
• Loakes, Deborah; McDougall, Kirsty, Frication of Australian English /p t k/: Group Tendencies and Individual Differences (PDF), 2007 
• Lunt, Horace G., Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje, 1952 
• Maddieson, Ian, Patterns of sound, Camebridge University Press, 1984 
• Mangold, Max, Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, 2005, ISBN 9783411040667 
• Marotta, Giovanna; Barth, Marlen, Acoustic and sociolingustic aspects of lenition in Liverpool English (PDF), Studi Linguistici e Filologici Online, 2005, 3 (2): 377–413 
• Martin Harris and Nigel Vincent. The Romance Languages.
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina, Castilian Spanish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373 
• Nau, Nicole, Latvian, Lincom Europa, 1998, ISBN 3-89586-228-2 
• Obaid, Antonio H., The Vagaries of the Spanish 'S', Hispania (American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese), 1973, 56 (1): 60–67, JSTOR 339038, doi:10.2307/339038 
• Okada, Hideo, Phonetic Representation:Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X 
• Padluzhny, Ped, Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, 1989, ISBN 5-343-00292-7 
• Palková, Zdena, Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, 1994, ISBN 978-8070668436 
• Pandeli, H; Eska, J; Ball, Martin; Rahilly, J, Problems of phonetic transcription: the case of the Hiberno-English slit-t, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1997, 27 (1–2): 65–75, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005430 
• Pétursson, Magnus, Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie, Phonetica, 1971, 33: 203–216, doi:10.1159/000259344 
• Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil, Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski, 1980 
• Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina, A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1977 
• Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolores, Coarticulation, Assimilation and Blending in Catalan Consonant Clusters, Journal of Phonetics, 2001, 29 (3): 273–301, doi:10.1006/jpho.2001.0139 
• Rocławski, Bronisław, Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 1976 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang, Standard Georgian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Sipma, Pieter, Phonology & grammar of modern West Frisian, London: Oxford University Press, 1913 
• Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, 1963 
• Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 
• Šewc-Schuster, Hinc, Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, 1984 
• Szende, Tamás, Hungarian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 104–107, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
• Thelwall, Robin, Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 
• Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232, doi:10.2307/411232 
• Thompson, Laurence C., A Vietnamese Reference Grammar, 1987, ISBN 0-8248-1117-8 
• Thorborg, Lisbet, Dansk udtale - øvebog, Forlaget Synope, 2003, ISBN 87-988509-4-6 
• Torreblanca, Máximo, Latín Basium, Castellano Beso, Catalán Bes, Portugués Beijo, Hispanic Review (University of Pennsylvania Press), 1988, 56 (3): 343–348, JSTOR 474023, doi:10.2307/474023 
• Watson, Kevin, Liverpool English (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180 
• Suomi, Kari; Toivanen, Juhani; Ylitalo, Riikka, Finnish sound structure, 2008, ISBN 978-951-42-8983-5 
• Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7