犏牛

犏牛
	前往珠穆朗瑪峰的途中作為馱畜的犏牛
保护状况
	驯养
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	哺乳纲 Mammalia
目：	偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
科：	牛科 Bovidae
亚科：	牛亚科 Bovinae
族：	牛族 Bovini
亚族：	牛亞族 Bovina
属：	牛属 Bos
种：	犏牛 B. grunniens × B. primigenius taurus

犏（piān）牛（標準藏語：མཛོ་，羅馬化：mdzo），是氂牛和家牛的雜交種，「犏牛」一詞實際上指稱雄性的雜交種，雌性雜交種則稱為「犏母牛」（dzomo或zhom）。蒙古語中，此物種被稱為「хайнаг 」（khainag）^[1]；英語則存在將「氂牛」（yak）和「牛」（cattle）兩詞結合的混成詞「yattle」，以及「氂牛」（yak）和「母牛」（cow）結合的「yakow」。^[2]^[3]

犏母牛具有生育能力（或繁殖力），雄性犏牛則不具備生育能力（英语：Sterility (physiology)），且由於是雜種優勢（異形雜交）下的產物，犏牛因此相較同一地區的氂牛或家牛體型更大且更強壯。^[4]蒙古和西藏人認為犏牛在產肉和產奶量方面均較氂牛和家牛高。^[5]^[6]

犏母牛可與其親本進行回交（英语：Backcrossing），故諸多號稱純種的氂牛和家牛可能都帶有彼此的遺傳物質。犏母牛與雄性氂牛和家牛雜交的子代在蒙古被稱為「ортоом」（ortoom），而此子代再與雄性氂牛和家牛雜交的產物則是「усан гүзээ」（usan güzee）。^[6]^[7]

犏牛遺傳雙親的兩種不同蛋白質類型，導致其粒線體結構與功能產生變化，使犏牛於高海拔低氧環境的適應力較其親本強。^[8]

參見

牛科雜交種（英语：Bovid hybrid）
雜交野牛（英语：Yakalo）

參考資料

^ Mummolo, Jonathan. Yattle What?. The Washington Post. 2007-08-11 [2017-01-03] （英语）. Mentzer, who grew up farming in Loudoun County, and his partner, Jim Dumbrell, a retired British oil and gas pipeline consultant, are breeding yattle -- a cross between cows and yaks.
^ National Research Council. Little-Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 1983: 34. ISBN 978-0-309-32715-2. doi:10.17226/19514 （英语）.
^ Mason, Ian. Porter, Valerie , 编. Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. West Sussex: CABI（英语：CABI (organisation)）. March 2002: 122 [2017-01-03]. ISBN 085199430X. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）（英语）.
^ David B. Madsen; Fa-Hu Chen; Xing Gao. Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China. Elsevier. 2007-07-03: 207. ISBN 978-0-444-52962-6 （英语）.
^ Bataagiin Bynie. Mongolia: The Country Refort (sic!) On Animal Genetic Resources (PDF). 烏蘭巴托: 11. 2002-09 [2008-04-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24） –通过FAO （英语）.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Tsering, Diki. Dalai Lama, My Son. Penguin Books. 2002. ISBN 0-7865-2260-7 （英语）.
^ Takase, Hisabumi; Tumennasan, Kh.; Hiratsuka, Kazuyuki; Chandley, Ann C.; Hotta, Yasuo. Fertility Investigation in F1 Hybrid and Backcross Progeny of Cattle (Bos taurus) and Yak (B. gruniens) in Mongolia. : II. Little variation in gene products studied in male sterile and fertile animals.. Niigata journal of health and welfare. 2002, 2 (1): 42–52 [2025-02-15]. ISSN 1346-8782 （英语）.
^ Long, Ling; Zhu, Yipan; Li, Zhenzi; Zhang, Haixia; Liu, Lixia; Bai, Jialin. Differential expression of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins in yak, dzo, and cattle: a proteomics-based study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020, 82 (8): 1178–1186 [2025-02-15]. doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0218 （英语）.

外部連結

维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：犏牛

这是一篇關於家牛的小作品。您可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。

[1] Mummolo, Jonathan. Yattle What?. The Washington Post. 2007-08-11 [2017-01-03] （英语）. Mentzer, who grew up farming in Loudoun County, and his partner, Jim Dumbrell, a retired British oil and gas pipeline consultant, are breeding yattle -- a cross between cows and yaks.

[2] National Research Council. Little-Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 1983: 34. ISBN 978-0-309-32715-2. doi:10.17226/19514 （英语）.

[3] Mason, Ian. Porter, Valerie , 编. Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. West Sussex: CABI（英语：CABI (organisation)）. March 2002: 122 [2017-01-03]. ISBN 085199430X. （原始内容存档于2017-12-23）（英语）.

[4] David B. Madsen; Fa-Hu Chen; Xing Gao. Late Quaternary Climate Change and Human Adaptation in Arid China. Elsevier. 2007-07-03: 207. ISBN 978-0-444-52962-6 （英语）.

[5] Bataagiin Bynie. Mongolia: The Country Refort (sic!) On Animal Genetic Resources (PDF). 烏蘭巴托: 11. 2002-09 [2008-04-28]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-09-24） –通过FAO （英语）.

[son-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Tsering, Diki. Dalai Lama, My Son. Penguin Books. 2002. ISBN 0-7865-2260-7 （英语）.

[7] Takase, Hisabumi; Tumennasan, Kh.; Hiratsuka, Kazuyuki; Chandley, Ann C.; Hotta, Yasuo. Fertility Investigation in F1 Hybrid and Backcross Progeny of Cattle (Bos taurus) and Yak (B. gruniens) in Mongolia. : II. Little variation in gene products studied in male sterile and fertile animals.. Niigata journal of health and welfare. 2002, 2 (1): 42–52 [2025-02-15]. ISSN 1346-8782 （英语）.

[8] Long, Ling; Zhu, Yipan; Li, Zhenzi; Zhang, Haixia; Liu, Lixia; Bai, Jialin. Differential expression of skeletal muscle mitochondrial proteins in yak, dzo, and cattle: a proteomics-based study. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2020, 82 (8): 1178–1186 [2025-02-15]. doi:10.1292/jvms.19-0218 （英语）.

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