研究倫理

研究伦理是应用伦理学研究中的一个重要分支，其研究范围涵盖从科学诚信与学术不端行为，到对人类及动物实验对象的伦理对待等诸多方面。科学家与研究人员的社会责任虽传统上不纳入其范畴，但近年来亦逐渐受到重视，尽管其界定仍较为模糊。^[1]

该学科的发展在医学研究领域最为成熟。除各科学领域普遍面临的造假、捏造与剽窃问题外，涉及人体实验与动物实验的研究设计尤为频繁地引发伦理争议。

在研究伦理史上，不乏大规模的伦理侵犯与反人类罪行，如纳粹人体实验及塔斯基吉梅毒实验等事件，这些惨痛的历史促成了国际研究伦理准则的诞生。尽管尚无一种伦理规范获得普遍认可^[2]^[3]^[4]，但通常被视为奠基性的文件包括：1947年的《纽伦堡法典》、1964年的《赫尔辛基宣言》以及1978年的《贝尔蒙特报告》。

当今，美国、英国及欧盟等国家和地区均设有研究伦理委员会，以监管和促进科研的负责任实施，其主要目标之一是减少可疑的研究行为。

此外，社会科学、信息技术、生物技术及工程学等领域的研究亦可能引发伦理层面的关注与争议^[2]^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]。

参见

参考文献

^ Douglas, Heather. The Moral Terrain of Science. Erkenntnis. 2014, 79 (S5): 961–979. ISSN 0165-0106. S2CID 144445475. doi:10.1007/s10670-013-9538-0 （英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Israel, Mark; Allen, G.; Thomson, C. The Rise and Much-Sought Demise of the Adversarial Culture in Australian Research Ethics: Australasian Ethics Network Conference 2013. Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Ethics Network Conference. 2013, N/A: 12–27.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Israel, Mark. Research Ethics and Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications Ltd. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4739-1009-6 （英语）.
^ Eaton, Sarah Elaine. Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English. British Educational Research Journal. 2020, 46 (4): 848–858. ISSN 0141-1926. S2CID 216445727. doi:10.1002/berj.3623 （英语）.
^ Stahl, Bernd Carsten; Timmermans, Job; Flick, Catherine. Ethics of Emerging Information and Communication Technologies. Science and Public Policy. 2016-09-19. ISSN 0302-3427. doi:10.1093/scipol/scw069. hdl:2086/12331 . 已忽略未知参数|article-number= (帮助)
^ Iphofen, Ron. Ethical Decision-Making in Social Research. SpringerLink. 2011. ISBN 978-0-230-29634-3. doi:10.1057/9780230233768 （英语）.
^ Wickson, Fern; Preston, Christopher; Binimelis, Rosa; Herrero, Amaranta; Hartley, Sarah; Wynberg, Rachel; Wynne, Brian. Addressing Socio-Economic and Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Governance: The Potential of a New Politics of Care. Food Ethics. 2017-06-09, 1 (2): 193–199. ISSN 2364-6853. S2CID 256465844. doi:10.1007/s41055-017-0014-4. hdl:10871/33650 .
^ Whitbeck, Caroline. Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge University Press. 2011-08-15. ISBN 978-0-521-89797-6. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976339.

[1] Douglas, Heather. The Moral Terrain of Science. Erkenntnis. 2014, 79 (S5): 961–979. ISSN 0165-0106. S2CID 144445475. doi:10.1007/s10670-013-9538-0 （英语）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Israel, Mark; Allen, G.; Thomson, C. The Rise and Much-Sought Demise of the Adversarial Culture in Australian Research Ethics: Australasian Ethics Network Conference 2013. Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Ethics Network Conference. 2013, N/A: 12–27.

[:1-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Israel, Mark. Research Ethics and Integrity for Social Scientists: Beyond Regulatory Compliance. SAGE Publications Ltd. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4739-1009-6 （英语）.

[EatonS-4] Eaton, Sarah Elaine. Ethical considerations for research conducted with human participants in languages other than English. British Educational Research Journal. 2020, 46 (4): 848–858. ISSN 0141-1926. S2CID 216445727. doi:10.1002/berj.3623 （英语）.

[5] Stahl, Bernd Carsten; Timmermans, Job; Flick, Catherine. Ethics of Emerging Information and Communication Technologies. Science and Public Policy. 2016-09-19. ISSN 0302-3427. doi:10.1093/scipol/scw069. hdl:2086/12331 . 已忽略未知参数|article-number= (帮助)

[6] Iphofen, Ron. Ethical Decision-Making in Social Research. SpringerLink. 2011. ISBN 978-0-230-29634-3. doi:10.1057/9780230233768 （英语）.

[7] Wickson, Fern; Preston, Christopher; Binimelis, Rosa; Herrero, Amaranta; Hartley, Sarah; Wynberg, Rachel; Wynne, Brian. Addressing Socio-Economic and Ethical Considerations in Biotechnology Governance: The Potential of a New Politics of Care. Food Ethics. 2017-06-09, 1 (2): 193–199. ISSN 2364-6853. S2CID 256465844. doi:10.1007/s41055-017-0014-4. hdl:10871/33650 .

[8] Whitbeck, Caroline. Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge University Press. 2011-08-15. ISBN 978-0-521-89797-6. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976339.

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