絛蟲綱
絛蟲綱 化石时期:
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Taenia saginata | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
纲: | 絛蟲綱 Cestoda |
亚纲 | |
绦虫纲(學名:Cestoda)是一個寄生性扁形动物门的一個綱[2][3]。人们常说的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲,其生活史可能各有不同,但這些物種的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内,而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種,例如:软体动物。這些物種自身无消化道,体分节或不分节的扁形动物。
絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史:科學家在一塊2.7億年前(二疊紀中期到後期)的鯊魚糞便化石(coprolites)裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴[1]。
分類[编辑]
目前全球约有4000餘种,中国约有400种[4]。共分以下两个亚纲:
寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种,多属圆叶目(Cyclophyllidea)和假叶目(Pseudophyllidea),最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉絛虫[4]。
多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清[5]。以下為現時的分類:
四葉目、假葉目(因為裂頭絛蟲科,Diphyllobothriidae)及圓葉目(因為Mesocestoididae科)均為並系群。
帶科(Taeniidae)可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底[5]。
The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms.
The 277 known species in the marine order Trypanorhyncha are placed in five superfamilies - Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae, and Lacistorhynchidae.
- 在GBIF,本纲包括以下目:
- Amphilinidea
- Bothriocephalidea
- Caryophyllidea
- Cathetocephalidea
- 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea
- Diphyllidea
- Diphyllobothriidea
- Gyrocotylidea
- Haplobothriidea
- Lecanicephalidea
- Litobothriidea
- Nippotaeniidea
- Onchoproteocephalidea
- Phyllobothriidea
- Rhinebothriidea
- Spathebothriidea
- Acrobothriidae
- Diplocotylidae
- Spathebothriidae
- Tetrabothriidea
- Tetrabothriidae
- 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea
- 锥吻目 Trypanorhyncha
- 目的地位未定的科:
- 目和科的地位未定的属:
- Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850
- Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827
- Alyselminthus Zeder, 1800
- Amphicephalus Beneden, 1871
- Aprostatandrya Spasski, 1951
- Atriotaenia Spasski, 1951
- Balanoforus Briganti, 1825
- Bicorne Sultzer, 1801
- Bicornius Rafinesque, 1815
- Bothriocephalum Lühe, 1899
- Bothriorhynchus Lidth de Jeude, 1829
- Bothriotaenia Railliet, 1892
- Bothryocephalus Cuvier, 1817
- Butleroides Lordello & Zamith, 1959
- Caryophillinus Schrank, 1788
- Caryophyllus Rudolphi, 1809
- Catenaria Zeder, 1800
- Cephalocotyleum Diesing, 1850
- Cercocystis Villot, 1882
- Cestoideum Diesing, 1854
- Cestoscolex Parona, 1887
- Chitonorecta Meggitt, 1927
- Cisticercoideum Parona, 1901
- Corynesoma Leuckart, 1843
- Cotylogenes Lühe, 1902
- Cryptocephalus van Beneden, 1849
- Cryptocystis Villot, 1883
- Cucurbilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
- Cucurbitina Alexander, 1833
- Cucurbitinus Gleichen, 1779
- Cucurbitinus Kniphof, 1759
- Cylindrocorpus Rühm, 1959
- Cysticercus Zeder, 1800
- Cysturus Oken, 1815
- Davainoides Fuhrmann, 1921
- Dibothria Rudolphi, 1809
- Dibothriorhyncus Chiaje, 1831
- Dibothrium Diesing, 1850
- Dibothrium Rudolphi, 1839
- Dibothrius Rudolphi, 1819
- Dibothrydus
- Diorchis Matevosyan, 1946
- Diplasia Holten, 1802
- Diporus Diesing, 1863
- Diprognopolus Anon., 1904
- Dithyridium Rudolphi, 1819
- Dithyridium Valenciennes, 1844
- Dittocephalus Parona, 1887
- Echinobothria Rudolphi, 1810
- Echinobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
- Echinoproboscilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965
- Fascia Blanchard, 1888
- Furia Linnaeus, 1758
- Gieystoria
- Globus Scopoli, 1772
- Gopalaia Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980
- Guptaia Malhotra, 1985
- Gvosdevileps Spasskii, 1953
- Gymnobothrion Rudolphi, 1809
- Gymnoscolex Diesing, 1853
- Gymnotenia Beneden, 1873
- Gyrarthrix
- Halysis Zeder, 1803
- Heterodera Skarbilovich, 1959
- Hydatodes Abildgaard, 1790
- Ilisha Southwell & Prashad, 1918
- Lakistorhynchus Pintner, 1913
- Luheella Baer, 1924
- Maccallumiella Yamaguti, 1952
- Mastacembellophyllaeus Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977
- Merocestus Cohn, 1902
- Metabelea Mettrick, 1963
- Monocercus Villot, 1882
- Monogramma Cholodkovsky, 1915
- Notobothrium Linstow, 1905
- Octobothrium Diesing, 1850
- Onchoscolex Diesing, 1853
- Oobothrium Linton, 1904
- Orygmatoscolex Diesing, 1854
- Palaia Shipley, 1900
- Pancrates Gistl, 1848
- Parvitaenio Burt, 1940
- Piestocystis Diesing, 1850
- Platybothrium Hornell & Nayudu, 1924
- Plerocercoides
- Proglottis Dujardin, 1843
- Prosthecocotyle Monticelli, 1892
- Pseudobothrium
- Pseudocapingentoldes Verma, 1971
- Pseudodiscus Polonio, 1860
- Pseudonybelinla Dollfus, 1966
- Pseudoscicus Polonio, 1860
- Sagittula Lamarck, 1816
- Skrjabinoparaksis Krotov, 1949
- Slossia Meggitt, 1931
- Solium Blanchard, 1886
- Spasskijela Tenora, 1959
- Sphairidion Goodsir, 1845
- Steganobothrium Diesing, 1854
- Stenotenia Gervais, 1870
- Strobilocercus Sambon, 1924
- Synbia Tschudi, 1837
- Taeniea Braun, 1894
- Taxocyclocotyle Diesing, 1854
- Terratas Blanchard, 1886
- Tetrabothriorhynchus Diesing, 1850
- Tetracisdicotyla Fuhrmann, 1907
- Tetracotylus Monticelli, 1892
- Tetrarhyncha
- Tetrastoma Forbes, 1840
- Tetrathyridium Rudolphi, 1819
- Tetrathyrus Creplin, 1851
- Thornonema Andrássy, 1959
- Urocystidium Beddard, 1912
- Versicaria Baird, 1853
特征[编辑]
成虫扁长如腰带,分节,白色或乳白色,体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节(scolex)、颈部(neck)、节片(proglottid)组成,前端细。 头节上有槽、吸盘或钩,借此附着在宿主肠壁上;节片由颈分裂而来,节片由一至数千不等,越往后越宽大;每一节片相当一个体,称链体(stroblius),链体是虫体最显著的部分,其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官,其他器官退化,营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料;随着生殖器官的发育,节片愈后愈成熟,有卵的节片称为孕节,最后逐节或整段脱落,随粪便排出宿主体外。
生活史[编辑]
卵内具有钩的胚,胚逸出后侵入中间宿主,发育为实心或囊状的蚴,蚴被最终宿主吞食后,即在小肠内成长为成虫;例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。
参考文献[编辑]
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. ScienceDaily. [2022-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-11-13) (英语).
- ^ McManus, D. P. The physiology and biochemistry of cestodes. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. 1989. ISBN 0-521-35557-5. OCLC 18350421.
- ^ Craig, Philip; Pawłowski, Zbigniew. Cestode zoonoses: echinococcosis and cysticercosis: an emergent and global problem. Amsterdam: IOS Press. 2002. ISBN 1-58603-220-8. OCLC 49775224.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 人体寄生虫学 第6版. 人民卫生出版社. 2004. ISBN 7-117-06164-2. R·6165 (中文(简体)).
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Mariaux, J. A molecular phylogeny of the Eucestoda. The Journal of Parasitology. 1998-02, 84 (1) [2022-11-13]. ISSN 0022-3395. JSTOR 3284540. PMID 9488348. S2CID 24300383. doi:10.2307/3284540. (原始内容存档于2022-11-13).
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