紙莎草
紙莎草 | |
---|---|
紙莎草 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 单子叶植物 Monocots |
演化支: | 鸭跖草类植物 Commelinids |
目: | 禾本目 Poales |
科: | 莎草科 Cyperaceae |
属: | 莎草属 Cyperus |
种: | 紙莎草 C. papyrus
|
二名法 | |
Cyperus papyrus | |
紙莎草[註 1](学名:Cyperus papyrus,英文名:papyrus, papyrus sedge),又稱紙草(英語:Paper reed)、埃及莎草、埃及紙草、蒲草(Bulrush)、埃及蒲草、印度叢草(Indian matting plant)。屬於莎草科莎草屬。是北非洲原產的一種多年生草本植物。
生長型態
[编辑]紙莎草是一種高而堅韌的挺水植物,約可長到4至5公尺高。它綠色、長稈狀的莖橫切面為三角形,從粗厚的地下莖中長出。每一條莖的頂端都會長出一簇濃密的、放射狀(像煙火一般)的葉。葉子細長、通常呈亮綠色,長度約10至30公分。當植物還年幼的時候,這簇葉子的生長型態就像雞毛撢一樣。花是綠褐色,生長在葉簇的末端。果實呈褐色。地下莖在剛長出時會被一層紅褐色的紙質層覆蓋,這層三角形的鱗狀層也覆蓋了莖的基部。
紙莎草生長在熱帶至亞熱帶的環境中,不論是潮濕的森林或乾燥的沙漠,只要全年均溫在20到30℃且土壤pH值在6.0-8.5就可以生長。紙莎草的花在暮夏盛開,並且傾向於在全日照到半陰涼的環境開花。像許多典型的熱帶植物一樣,紙莎草對霜很敏感。
紙莎草的分布遍及在沼澤、淺水湖和溪畔等非洲的潮濕部分,但在尼羅河三角洲已逐漸變得稀少。在較深的水中,紙莎草是構成植被的主要植物(被稱為sudd)。現今它的野生分布存在於剛果、馬達加斯加島、烏干達、衣索匹亞和西西里島。
紙莎草羽毛狀的花是許多社會性鳥類築巢的地點。像許多莎草科植物一樣,它是風媒花,且果實由流水帶走。
今天,紙莎草被培育、改良為裝飾性的植物。其中C. nanus(矮紙莎草)、C. profiler兩個品種只會長到約1公尺高。
用途
[编辑]古埃及人使用紙莎草的用途有很多。其中,最有名的應該是莎草纸的製作。在希臘文和英文中,「莎草紙」這個字的語源被許多人認為是來自於古埃及语,但這是谬传。紙莎草現在被廣泛的運用於製作裝飾品,例如莎草紙畫。在古代,紙莎草在尼羅河三角洲有著相當廣泛的分布,然而现在它在尼羅河三角洲的原生種群却瀕臨絕滅。在泰奧弗拉斯托斯的《植物史》(Historia Plantarum,卷十)一書中寫到紙莎草在敘利亞也有分布。而根據老普林尼的《博物志》一書,紙莎草是尼羅河及幼發拉底河流域的原生植物。
此外,古埃及人利用多種莎草科的植物的花來製作敬神的花圈。而嫩枝則被當作食物。它多纖維的地下莖則用來製作碗等多種器具,有時也當作燃料。而莖則用來編製葦舟(在埃及第四王朝的浮雕中,描繪了壯年男子採集莎草製作葦舟的情形),類似的船在蘇丹也能發現。
註釋
[编辑]延伸閲讀
[编辑]- Boar, R. R., D. M. Harper and C. S. Adams. 1999. Biomass Allocation in Cyperus papyrus in a Tropical Wetland, Lake Naivasha, Kenya. 1999. Biotropica 3: 411.
- Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, M. Chandler, L. Kaufman and A.E. Keiter. 1996. Refugia for endangered fishes from an introduced predator in Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Conservation Biology 10: 554-561.
- Chapman, L.J., C.A. Chapman, P.J. Schofield, J.P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo. 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 500-511.
- Gaudet, John. 1975. Mineral concentrations in papyrus in various African swamps. Journal of Ecology 63: 483-491.
- Gaudet, John. 1976. Nutrient relationships in the detritus of a tropical swamp.Archiv für Hydrobiologie 78: 213-239.
- Gaudet, John. 1977. Natural drawdown on Lake Naivasha, Kenya and the formation of papyrus swamps. Aquatic Botany 3: 1-47.
- Gaudet, John. 1977. Uptake and loss of mineral nutrients by papyrus in tropical swamps. Ecology 58: 415-422.
- Gaudet, John. 1978. Effect of a tropical swamp on water quality. Verh. Internat. Ver. Limnol. 20: 2202-2206.
- Gaudet, John. 1978. Seasonal changes in nutrients in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology 67: 953-981.
- Gaudet, John. 1980. Papyrus and the ecology of Lake Naivasha. National Geographic Society Research Reports. 12: 267-272.
- Gaudet, J. and J. Melack. 1981. Major ion chemistry in a tropical African lake basin. Freshwater Biology 11: 309-333.
- Gaudet, J. and C. Howard-Williams. 1985. “The structure and functioning of African swamps.” In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 154–175).
- Gaudet, John. 1991. Structure and function of African floodplains. Journal of the East African Natural Historical Society. 82(199): 1-32.
- Harper, D.M., K.M. Mavuti and S. M. Muchiri. 1990: Ecology and management of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, in relation to climatic change, alien species introductions and agricultural development. Environmental Conservation 17: 328–336.
- Harper, D. 1992. The ecological relationships of aquatic plants at Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Hydrobiologia. 232: 65-71.
- Howard-Williams, C. and K. Thompson. 1985. The conservation and management of African wetlands. In (ed. Denny) The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dr.w.Junk, Pub., Dordrecht (pp. 203–230).
- Jones, M.B. and T. R. Milburn. 1978. Photosynthesis in Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.), Photosynthetica. 12: 197 - 199.
- Jones, M. B. and F. M. Muthuri. 1997. Standing biomass and carbon distribution in a papyrus (Cyperus Papyrus L) swamp on Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13: 347–356.
- Jones M.B. and S. W. Humphries. 2002. Impacts of the C4 sedge Cyperus papyrus L. on carbon and water fluxes in an African wetland. Hydrobiologia, Volume 488, pp. 107–113.
- Maclean, I.M.D. 2004. An ecological and socio-economic analysis of biodiversity conservation in East African wetlands. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, M. R. Boar and I. Lake. 2006. Effects of disturbance and habitat loss on papyrus-dwelling passerines. Biological Conservation., 131: 349-358.
- Maclean, I.M.D., M. Hassall, R. Boar, R. and O. Nasirwa. 2003a. Effects of habitat degradation on avian guilds in East African papyrus Cyperus papyrus L. swamps. Bird Conservation International, 13: 283-297.
- Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar, R.R. 2003b. Social and economic use of wetland resources: a case study from Lake Bunyonyi, Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-09, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Maclean, I.M.D., R. Tinch, M. Hassall and R.R. Boar. 2003c. Towards optimal use of tropical wetlands: an economic evaluation of goods derived from papyrus swamps in southwest Uganda. Environmental Change and Management Working Paper No. 2003-10, Centre for Social and Economic Research into the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
- Messenger Dally. 1908 How papyrus defeated South Sydney and assisted in making Eastern Suburbs great
- Muthuri, F. M., M. B. Jones, and S.K. Imbamba. 1989. Primary productivity of papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) in a tropical swamp - Lake Naivasha, Kenya, Biomass, 18: 1 - 14.
- Muthuri, F. M. and M. B. Jones. 1997. Nutrient distribution in a papyrus swamp: Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Aquatic Botany, 56: 35–50.
- Owino, A. O. and P. G. Ryan. 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44: 438-443.
- Thompson, K. 1976. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile. In (ed.J. Rzoska) ‘‘The Nile. Biology of an Ancient River.’’Monographiae Biologicae, 29. Dr.W. Junk b.v., The Hague.
- Thompson, K., P.R. Shewry & H.W. Woolhouse. 1979. Papyrus swamp development in the Upemba Basin, Zaire: Studies of population structure in Cyperus papyrus stands. Botanical Journal of the Linn. Soc. 78: 299-316.
參見
[编辑]外部連結
[编辑]- Purdue University: Cyperus papyrus factsheet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Floridata (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- University of Connecticut Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Conservatory
- Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. Cyperus papyrus . African plants – a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 2014.
|
|
|